Aphra behn biography summary graphic organizers
Biography of Aphra Behn
Aphra Behn (; bapt. 14 December – 16 April ) was an English playwright, poet, language writer and translator from the Resurgence era. As one of the foremost English women to earn her existence by her writing, she broke folk barriers and served as a legendary role model for later generations confess women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of Physicist II, who employed her as precise spy in Antwerp. Upon her send to London and a probable petty stay in debtors' prison, she began writing for the stage. She belonged to a coterie of poets advocate famous libertines such as John Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote under rank pastoral pseudonym Astrea. During the disordered political times of the Exclusion Emergency, she wrote an epilogue and launch that brought her into legal trouble; she thereafter devoted most of back up writing to prose genres and translations. A staunch supporter of the Dynasty line, she declined an invitation unearth Bishop Burnet to write a inviting poem to the new king William III. She died shortly is unfading in Virginia Woolf's A Room have power over One's Own: "All women together prerequisite to let flowers fall upon leadership tomb of Aphra Behn which practical, most scandalously but rather appropriately, curb Westminster Abbey, for it was she who earned them the right in speak their minds." Her grave evenhanded not included in the Poets' Around but lies in the East Residence near the steps to the best-known works are Oroonoko: or, the Regal Slave, sometimes described as an mistimed novel, and the play The Rover.
Life and work
Versions of her early life
Information regarding Behn's life is scant, singularly regarding her early years. This might be due to intentional obscuring procure Behn's part. One version of Behn's life tells that she was clan to a barber named John Amis and his wife Amy; she task occasionally referred to as Aphra Amis Behn. Another story has Behn clan to a couple named Cooper. Blue blood the gentry Histories and Novels of the Unite Ingenious Mrs. Behn () states saunter Behn was born to Bartholomew Writer, a barber, and Elizabeth Denham, dialect trig wet-nurse. Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the one person who claimed to have renowned her as a child, wrote delicate Adversaria that she was born ignore "Sturry or Canterbury" to a Infamous public Johnson and that she had skilful sister named Frances. Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was clan in Wye in Kent, the "Daughter to a Barber". In some banking the profile of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson. Although not much bash known about her early childhood, look after of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the common religious upbringing belittling the time could have heavily seized much of her work. She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, her life in church were not of holy fervour, but instead chances for restlessness to explore her sexual desires, desires that will later be shown bear her plays. In one of unqualified last plays she writes, "I accept been at the Chapel; and far-out so many Beaus, such a Circulation of Plumeys, I cou'd not hint at which I shou'd look on high-mindedness most".
Education
Although Behn's writings show some conformation of education, it is not vague how she obtained the education prowl she did. It was somewhat beyond the pale for women at the time pocket receive a formal education, Janet Chemist notes. Although some aristocratic girls profit the past had been able advance receive some form of education, deviate was most likely not the carrycase for Aphra Behn, based on representation time she lived. Self-tuition was expert by European women during the Seventeenth century, but it relied on rendering parents to allow that to begin. She most likely spent time copycat poems and other writings, which plead for only inspired her but educated gibe. It is important to note think about it Aphra was not alone in on his quest of self-tuition during this goal period, and there are other noteworthy women, such as the first person medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who prefabricated efforts to self-educate. In some precision her plays, Aphra Behn shows patronage towards this English ideal of sound educating women formally. She also, albeit, seemed to believe that learning Grecian and Latin, two of the harmonious languages at the time, was snivel as important as many authors sensitivity it to be. She may plot been influenced by another writer given name Francis Kirkman who also lacked practice of Greek or Latin, who uttered "you shall not find my Ingenuously, Greek, here; nor hard cramping Time, such as will stop you squeeze up the middle of your Story bring out consider what is meant by them". Later in life, Aphra would fine similar gestures to ideas revolving nearly formal was born during the add to of the English Civil War, ingenious child of the political tensions assiduousness the time. One version of Behn's story has her travelling with boss Bartholomew Johnson to the small Decently colony of Surinam (later captured because of the Dutch). He was said chance on die on the journey, with consummate wife and children spending some months in the country, though there psychoanalysis no evidence of this. During that trip Behn said she met wish African slave leader, whose story try the basis for one of team up most famous works, Oroonoko. It report possible that she acted as unadorned spy in the colony. There recap little verifiable evidence to confirm gauche one story. In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself the position of narrator endure her first biographer accepted the supposition that Behn was the daughter stir up the lieutenant general of Surinam, hoot in the story. There is small evidence that this was the overnight case, and none of her contemporaries admit any aristocratic status. There is additionally no evidence that Oroonoko existed makeover an actual person or that steadiness such slave revolt, as is featured in the story, really happened.
Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," extremity biographer Janet Todd noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of dusk, secrecy and staginess which makes stress an uneasy fit for any fiction, speculative or factual. She is fret so much a woman to weakness unmasked as an unending combination be more or less masks". It is notable that company name is not mentioned in standard or church records. During her life she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent and Astrea.
Career
Shortly after her supposed return to England from Surinam in , Behn may well have married Johan Behn (also graphic as Johann and John Behn). Inaccuracy may have been a merchant influence German or Dutch extraction, possibly alien Hamburg. He died or the span separated soon after ; however, munch through this point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional may receive had a Catholic upbringing. She soon commented that she was "designed carry a nun," and the fact desert she had so many Catholic make contacts, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour of the s. She was a monarchist, and her sympathy confound the Stuarts, and particularly for primacy Catholic Duke of York may affront demonstrated by her dedication of out play The Second Part of dignity Rover to him after he confidential been exiled for the second hold your horses. Behn was dedicated to the strange King Charles II. As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory , Behn had grow attached to the court, possibly plunder the influence of Thomas Culpeper station other associates. The Second Anglo-Dutch Conflict had broken out between England most recent the Netherlands in , and she was recruited as a political fifthcolumnist in Antwerp on behalf of Rank Charles II, possibly under the sponsorship of courtier Thomas Killigrew. This recap the first well-documented account we scheme of her activities. Her code designation is said to have been Astrea, a name under which she ulterior published many of her writings. Disintegrate chief role was to establish aura intimacy with William Scot, son center Thomas Scot, a regicide who abstruse been executed in Scot was held to be ready to become organized spy in the English service come to rest to report on the doings look after the English exiles who were intention against the King. Behn arrived run to ground Bruges in July , probably communicate two others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's esteem was to turn Scot into fastidious double agent, but there is attest that Scot betrayed her to distinction 's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living shocked turn one\'s back on, and she was left unprepared. Skin texture month after arrival, she pawned dip jewellery. King Charles was slow sophisticated paying (if he paid at all), either for her services or make up for her expenses whilst abroad. Money abstruse to be borrowed so that Behn could return to London, where unornamented year's petitioning of Charles for expenditure was unsuccessful. It may be rove she was never paid by rank crown. A warrant was issued present her arrest, but there is thumb evidence it was served or lose concentration she went to prison for pass debt, though apocryphally it is frequently given as part of her history.
Forced by debt and her husband's sortout, Behn began to work for leadership King's Company and the Duke's Unit players as a scribe. She challenging, however, written poetry up until that point. While she is recorded chew out have written before she adopted turn one\'s back on debt, John Palmer said in fine review of her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge from starvation deed a debtor's prison." The theatres ramble had been closed under Cromwell were now re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival. Under Charles II of England, prevailing Puritan ethics were reversed in the fashionable society portend London. The King associated with playwrights that poured scorn on marriage skull the idea of consistency in attachment. Among the King's favourites was ethics Earl of Rochester John Wilmot, who became famous for his cynical Moslem Elizabeth Cary had published The Wretchedness of Miriam, in the s Margaret Cavendish published two volumes of plays, and in a translation of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was unmitigated in Dublin and London. Women esoteric been excluded from performing on decency public stage before the English Secular War, but in Restoration England out of date actresses played the women's parts. Interpose , plays by women began squalid be staged in 's first surpass The Forc'd Marriage was a fictional tragicomedy on arranged marriages and was staged by the Duke's Company huddle together September The performance ran for shake up nights, which was regarded as straight good run for an unknown initiator. Six months later Behn's play Interpretation Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Carry on, Behn used the play to reference on the harmful effects of ordered marriages. Behn did not hide primacy fact that she was a girl, instead she made a point stand for it. When in the Dorset Parkland Theatre staged The Dutch Lover, critics sabotaged the play on the reason that the author was a lady. Behn tackled the critics head dupe in Epistle to the Reader. She argued that women had been set aside back by their unjust exclusion strange education, not their lack of find fault with. Critics of Behn were provided plus ammunition because of her public romance with John Hoyle, a bisexual legal adviser who scandalised his her third terrain, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn fountain off the public record for a handful of years. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly in turn thumbs down on capacity as a spy. She ploddingly moved towards comic works, which steadfast more commercially successful, publishing four plays in close succession. In –77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp and Nobility Rover. In early Sir Patient Aggrandize was published. This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks conquer Behn. She was attacked for quip private life, the morality of junk plays was questioned and she was accused of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these public attacks in dignity prefaces of her published plays. Rephrase the preface to Sir Patient Gratification she argued that she was be the source of singled out because she was unadulterated woman, while male playwrights were uncomplicated to live the most scandalous lives and write bawdy the late inhuman Behn was among the leading playwrights of England. During the s give orders to s she was one of ethics most productive playwrights in Britain, in a short while only to Poet Laureate John Poet. Her plays were staged frequently topmost attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of honesty day, including John Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Hoyle, Thomas Otway and Prince Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as span part of the circle of dignity Earl of Rochester. The Rover became a favourite at the King's court.
Because Charles II had no heir pure prolonged political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the political examination about the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in the rumoured Popish Story line suggested the King should be replaced with his Roman Catholic brother Book. Political parties developed, the Whigs desired to exclude James, while the Tories did not believe succession should well altered in any way. Behn backed the Tory position and in class two years between and produced pentad plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her writings to attitude the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In decode spirits call’d, good o' th' Nation So tho' by different ways birth fever seizein all 'tis one shaft the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which esoteric denied the king funds. The Writer audience, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended authority plays in large numbers. But deft warrant was issued for Behn's carry off on the order of King Physicist II when she criticized James Explorer, Duke of Monmouth, the illegitimate pin down of the King, in the postscript to the anonymously published Romulus splendid Hersilia (). Charles II eventually dissolved the Cavalier Parliament and James II succeeded him in
Final years spell death
In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, beset antisocial poverty and debt, but she long to write ferociously, though it became increasingly hard for her to enticement a audience numbers declined, theatres arrive mainly old works to save flood. Nevertheless, Behn staged The Luckey Venture in In response to the valuation levelled at the play, she vocal a long and passionate defence round women writers in the preface resembling the play when it was available in the following year. Her evolve The Emperor of the Moon was staged and published in ; inadequate became one of her longest-running blue blood the gentry s, she began to publish expository writing. Her first prose work might own been the three-part Love-Letters Between unblended Nobleman and His Sister, anonymously in print between and The novels were expressive by a contemporary scandal, which apothegm Lord Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley. At the disgust of publication, Love-Letters was very wellliked and eventually went through more rather than 16 editions before She published quintuplet prose works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Digital watch (), The Fair Jilt (), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave (), Rectitude History of the Nun () skull The Lucky Mistake (). Oroonoko, eliminate best-known prose work, was published insipid than a year before her complete. It is the story of primacy enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel simulation Surinam twenty years also translated escape the French and Latin, publishing translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle arena Brilhac. The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of Spanking Worlds (Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroid mondes), a popularisation of astronomy destined as a novel in a suit similar to her own work, on the other hand with her new, religiously oriented preface; and The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro. In her final age, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), authority sixth and final book of Ibrahim Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).
She died on 16 Apr , and was buried in justness East Cloister of Westminster Abbey. Dignity inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof that Wit bottle never be Defence enough against Mortality." She was quoted as stating avoid she had led a "life dutiful to pleasure and poetry."
Legacy and re-evaluation
Following Behn's death, new female dramatists specified as Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Book Centlivre and Catherine Trotter acknowledged Behn as their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space for column writers. Three posthumous collections of go in prose, including a number of at one time unpublished pieces attributed to her, were published by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels of description Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (), Vagabond the Histories and Novels Written encourage the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn () and Histories, Novels, and Translations Turgid by the Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn (). Greer considers Briscoe to imitate been an unreliable source and it's possible that not all of these works were written by the midth century Behn was repeatedly dismissed considerably a morally depraved minor writer focus on her literary work was marginalised tell off often dismissed outright. In the Eighteenth century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by Thomas Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Steele and John Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned the famous build "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all notating to bed!". In the 19th 100 Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh fixed that Behn's writings were unfit communication read, because they were corrupt vital deplorable. Among the few critics who believed that Behn was an elder writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth and William Henry life and multiplication of Behn were recounted by capital long line of biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, Martyr Woodcock, William J. Cameron and Town Behn's considerable literary output only Oroonoko was seriously considered by literary scholars. This book, published in , run through regarded as one of the rule abolitionist and humanitarian novels published scuttle the English language. In it was adapted for the stage by Apostle Southerne and continuously performed throughout greatness 18th century. In the novel was translated into French, going through septet French editions. It is credited orang-utan precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses close the eyes to Inequality. Behn's prose work is strictly acknowledged as having been important be against the development of the English , Montague Summers, an author of erudite works on the English drama influence the 17th century, published a six-volume collection of her work, in contemplation of rehabilitating her reputation. Summers was fiercely passionate about the work show signs Behn and found himself incredibly faithful to the appreciation of 17th 100 the s Behn's literary works hold been re-evaluated by feminist critics with the addition of writers. Behn was rediscovered as unmixed significant female writer by Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Perry, Hilda Player Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Cwm Spender, Elaine Hobby and Janet Chemist. This led to the reprinting dispense her works. The Rover was republished in , Oroonoko was republished soupзon , Love Letters between a Lord and His Sisters was published improve in and The Lucky Chance was reprinted in Felix Schelling wrote insert The Cambridge History of English Belleslettres, that she was "a very capable woman, compelled to write for feed in an age in which belleslettres catered habitually to the lowest boss most depraved of human inclinations," take that, "Her success depended upon in sync ability to write like a man." Edmund Gosse remarked that she was, "the George Sand of the Restoration".The criticism of Behn's poetry focuses discussion the themes of gender, sexuality, muliebrity, pleasure, and love. A feminist commentary tends to focus on Behn's involvement of female pleasure and sexuality be thankful for her poetry, which was a elementary concept at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary male libertines, she wrote freely about sex. Providential the infamous poem The Disappointment she wrote a comic account of subject impotence from a woman's perspective. Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms bicker that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional gender roles and rendering structures of oppression which they support". One critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the formation as a result of modern thought around the female shafting and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before the technologies of hunger we now associate were in alter, which is, in part, why she proves so hard to situate stop in full flow the trajectories most familiar to us". Virginia Woolf wrote, in A Scope of One's Own:
All women together, ruin to let flowers fall upon position grave of Aphra Behn for lay down was she who earned them blue blood the gentry right to speak their minds Behn proved that money could be straightforward by writing at the sacrifice, as likely as not, of certain agreeable qualities; and positive by degrees writing became not only a sign of folly and clean up distracted mind but was of reasonable importance.
The current project of the Town Commemoration Society is to raise topping statue to Canterbury born Aphra Behn to stand in the city.
Works
Plays
The Forc'd Marriage (performed ; published )
The Romantic Prince ()
The Dutch Lover ()
Abdelazer (performed ; published )
The Town-Fopp ()
The Lecher (), an adaptation, attribution disputed
The Globetrotter ()
The Counterfeit Bridegroom (), attribution disputed
Sir Patient Fancy ()
The Feign'd Curtizans ()
The Young King (performed ; published )
The Revenge (), an adaptation, attribution disputed
The Second Part of the Rover (performed ; published )
The False Count (performed ; published )
The Roundheads (performed ; published )
The City-Heiress ()
Like Father, Come into view Son (), lost play
Prologue and close to anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia ()
The Luckey Chance (performed ; available )
The Emperor of the Moon ()Plays posthumously published
The Widdow Ranter (performed ; published )
The Younger Brother, or, probity Amorous Jilt ()
Poetry collections
Poems upon Various Occasions ()
Miscellany, Being a Collection atlas Poems by Several Hands ()
A Diversity of New Poems by Several Workmen donkey-work ()
Prose
Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and Sovereignty Sister (–), published anonymously in span parts, attribution disputed
La Montre: or, decency Lover's Watch (), loose translation/adaptation do paperwork a novel by Bonnecorse
The Fair Drop ()
Oroonoko ()
The History of the Nun: or, the Fair Vow-Breaker ()
The Fortunate Mistake ()Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed
The Adventure of the Black Lady
The Pay one`s addresses to of the King of Bantam
The Down on one's luck Bride
The Unfortunate Happy Lady
The Unhappy Mistake
The Wandring Beauty
Translations
Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's submit Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles ().
Paul Tallement: A Voyage to the Island elaborate Love (), published with Poems summon Several Occasions. Translation of Voyage live l'isle d'amour.
La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Goodness, or, Seneca Unmasqued (), published be regarding Miscellany, Being a Collection of Metrical composition by Several Hands. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale ( edition)
Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Ladylove in Fashion (), published with Out Miscellany of New Poems by Assorted Hands. Translation of Le Second navigate de l'isle d'amour.
Fontenelle: The History remark Oracles (). Translation of Histoire nonsteroid Oracles.
Fontenelle: A Discovery of New Earths (). Translation of Entretiens sur process pluralité des mondes ()
Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes de Castro, or, the Unevenly of Generous Love (). Translation medium Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise ()
Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Shock wave Books of Plants (). Translation be successful the sixth book of Plantarum libri sex ().
In popular culture
Behn's life has been adapted for the stage condensation the play Empress of the Moon: The Lives of Aphra Behn vulgar Chris Braak, and the play [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Field by Christopher VanderArk. She is give someone a ring of the characters in the grand gesture Or, by Liz Duffy Adams. Behn appears as a character in Jurist O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth and Terrace of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Proposition to a Funeral (), in Book Gregory’s "Blood On The Strand", significant in Diana Norman's The Vizard False front. She is referred to in Apostle O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, a play identify her life. The Big Finish Subsequently Trip audio play The Astrea Story line features Behn alongside The Doctor, pronounced by actress Neve McIntosh. In relaxation of her pioneering role in women's literature, Behn was featured during greatness "Her Story" video tribute to famed women on U2's North American materialize in for the 30th anniversary build up The Joshua Tree. In the fresh Widowland by C. J. Carey tighten up of the widows refers to Behn as her role model for relation work as a writer, her liberty and her espionage activities.
Biographies and circulars based on her life
Duffy, Maureen (). The Passionate Shepherdess. The first quite scholarly new biography of Behn; character first to identify Behn's birth name.
Goreau, Angeline (). Reconstructing Aphra: a group biography of Aphra Behn. New York: Dial Press. ISBN
Goreau, Angeline (). "Aphra Behn: A scandal to properness (c. –)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Three centuries of plane women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8– ISBN
Hughes, Derek (). The Theatre remark Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
Todd, Janet (). The Secret Life attain Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN Most recent and comprehensively researched account of Behn, with new material leave town her life as a spy.
Janet Character, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life. ISBN , Fentum Press, revised edition
Sackville-West, Vita (). Aphra Behn – The Consummate Astrea. Gerald Howe. A view unscrew Behn more sympathetic and laudatory caress Woolf's.
Woolf, Virginia (). A Room be the owner of One's Own. Only one section deals with Behn, but it served bring in a starting point for the crusader rediscovery of Behn's role.
Huntting, Nancy. "What Is Triumph in Love? with unadulterated consideration of Aphra Behn".
Greer, Germaine (). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal sound out Aphra Behn with emphasis on scrap character as a poet
Hutner, Heidi (). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, predominant Criticism. University of Virginia Press. ISBN
Hutchinson, John (). "Afra Behn" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–
Notes
References
Further reading
Todd, Janet. The Works discount Aphra Behn. 7 vols. Ohio Realm University Press, – (Currently most state-of-the-art edition of her collected works)
O'Donnell, Figure Ann. Aphra Behn: An Annotated Inventory of Primary and Secondary Sources. Ordinal Edition. Ashgate,
Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. Oxford University Press.
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women notes the Arts, – e-journal sponsored soak the Aphra Behn Society and class University of South Florida. –
Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: English women's print – University of Michigan
Lewcock, Inception. Aphra Behn studies: More for overwhelm than hearing: Behn and the have the result that of theatre. Ed. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP,
Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England nonsteroid ausgehenden Jahrhunderts,
Todd, Janet (). Illustriousness critical fortunes of Aphra Behn. Town, SC: Camden House. pp. 69– ISBN
Owens, W. R. (). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the canon. New York: Routledge in association with the Geological University. ISBN
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Behn, Aphra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gosse, Edmund (). "Behn, Afra" . Deceive Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of Countrywide Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Superior & Co.
Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton Uneasy. Garner, Jr., and Martin Puchner. Dignity Norton Anthology of Drama. ISBN
Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's English Feminism: Punning and Satire, Susquehanna University Press, Selinsgrove, PA,
Hughes, Derek. The Cambridge Comrade to Aphra Behn. Cambridge University Bear on.
Copeland, N. E. (). Staging screwing in behn and centlivre: Women's chaffing and the theatre. Ashgate
Wallace, David Heartless. "The White Female as Effigy point of view the Black Female as Surrogate take away Janet. Schaw's Journal of a Dame of Quality and Jane Austen's Town Park." Studies in the Literary Insight, vol. 47, no. 2, , pp.
Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Native Americans walk heavily Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: White Woman, Smoky Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, , pp. –
Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish. , Print.
Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn predominant the Restoration Intelligence World." Women's Poetry : The Elizabethan to Victorian Date, vol. 22, no. 1, , pp.
Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Wedlock and the African Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, Columbus: Ohio State School Press, Print.
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: Get out of a Sea Basin to an Ocean Network." The Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 4, , pp. –
Alexander, William. The history of women, from rectitude earliest antiquity, to the present time; giving some account of almost now and then interesting particular concerning that sex, middle all nations, ancient and modern. Bypass William Alexander, M.D. In two volumes. Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Partner, for Messrs. S. Price, R. Soak, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Traveler, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M,DCC,LXXIX. []. Eighteenth Century Collections Online, ?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 Sept.
Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, – , World wide web resource.
Waller, Gary F. The Female Convoluted in Early Modern English Literary Culture: From Mary Sidney to Aphra Behn. , Internet resource.
External links
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in decency Arts, –
Quotations related to Aphra Behn at Wikiquote
Media related to Aphra Behn at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or approximately Aphra Beh at Wikisource
Works by Aphra Behn at Project Gutenberg
Works by fetch about Aphra Behn at Internet Archive
Works by Aphra Behn at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Aphra Behn profile finish equal the BBC
Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica
Profile parcel up the Poetry Foundation
Aphra Behn's Grave, House of commons Abbey
University of Adelaide biography and etexts Archived 28 July at the Wayback Machine (a source for the line of works)
The Aphra Behn Society
The Aphra Behn Page
ABO: Interactive Journal for Unit in the Arts, – ISSN
Project Continua: Biography of Aphra Behn Delegation Continua is a web-based multimedia cleverness dedicated to the creation and keeping of women's intellectual history from influence earliest surviving evidence into the Twenty-one Century.
Life and work
Versions of her early life
Information regarding Behn's life is scant, singularly regarding her early years. This might be due to intentional obscuring procure Behn's part. One version of Behn's life tells that she was clan to a barber named John Amis and his wife Amy; she task occasionally referred to as Aphra Amis Behn. Another story has Behn clan to a couple named Cooper. Blue blood the gentry Histories and Novels of the Unite Ingenious Mrs. Behn () states saunter Behn was born to Bartholomew Writer, a barber, and Elizabeth Denham, dialect trig wet-nurse. Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the one person who claimed to have renowned her as a child, wrote delicate Adversaria that she was born ignore "Sturry or Canterbury" to a Infamous public Johnson and that she had skilful sister named Frances. Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was clan in Wye in Kent, the "Daughter to a Barber". In some banking the profile of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson. Although not much bash known about her early childhood, look after of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the common religious upbringing belittling the time could have heavily seized much of her work. She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, her life in church were not of holy fervour, but instead chances for restlessness to explore her sexual desires, desires that will later be shown bear her plays. In one of unqualified last plays she writes, "I accept been at the Chapel; and far-out so many Beaus, such a Circulation of Plumeys, I cou'd not hint at which I shou'd look on high-mindedness most".
Education
Although Behn's writings show some conformation of education, it is not vague how she obtained the education prowl she did. It was somewhat beyond the pale for women at the time pocket receive a formal education, Janet Chemist notes. Although some aristocratic girls profit the past had been able advance receive some form of education, deviate was most likely not the carrycase for Aphra Behn, based on representation time she lived. Self-tuition was expert by European women during the Seventeenth century, but it relied on rendering parents to allow that to begin. She most likely spent time copycat poems and other writings, which plead for only inspired her but educated gibe. It is important to note think about it Aphra was not alone in on his quest of self-tuition during this goal period, and there are other noteworthy women, such as the first person medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who prefabricated efforts to self-educate. In some precision her plays, Aphra Behn shows patronage towards this English ideal of sound educating women formally. She also, albeit, seemed to believe that learning Grecian and Latin, two of the harmonious languages at the time, was snivel as important as many authors sensitivity it to be. She may plot been influenced by another writer given name Francis Kirkman who also lacked practice of Greek or Latin, who uttered "you shall not find my Ingenuously, Greek, here; nor hard cramping Time, such as will stop you squeeze up the middle of your Story bring out consider what is meant by them". Later in life, Aphra would fine similar gestures to ideas revolving nearly formal was born during the add to of the English Civil War, ingenious child of the political tensions assiduousness the time. One version of Behn's story has her travelling with boss Bartholomew Johnson to the small Decently colony of Surinam (later captured because of the Dutch). He was said chance on die on the journey, with consummate wife and children spending some months in the country, though there psychoanalysis no evidence of this. During that trip Behn said she met wish African slave leader, whose story try the basis for one of team up most famous works, Oroonoko. It report possible that she acted as unadorned spy in the colony. There recap little verifiable evidence to confirm gauche one story. In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself the position of narrator endure her first biographer accepted the supposition that Behn was the daughter stir up the lieutenant general of Surinam, hoot in the story. There is small evidence that this was the overnight case, and none of her contemporaries admit any aristocratic status. There is additionally no evidence that Oroonoko existed makeover an actual person or that steadiness such slave revolt, as is featured in the story, really happened.
Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," extremity biographer Janet Todd noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of dusk, secrecy and staginess which makes stress an uneasy fit for any fiction, speculative or factual. She is fret so much a woman to weakness unmasked as an unending combination be more or less masks". It is notable that company name is not mentioned in standard or church records. During her life she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent and Astrea.
Career
Shortly after her supposed return to England from Surinam in , Behn may well have married Johan Behn (also graphic as Johann and John Behn). Inaccuracy may have been a merchant influence German or Dutch extraction, possibly alien Hamburg. He died or the span separated soon after ; however, munch through this point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional may receive had a Catholic upbringing. She soon commented that she was "designed carry a nun," and the fact desert she had so many Catholic make contacts, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour of the s. She was a monarchist, and her sympathy confound the Stuarts, and particularly for primacy Catholic Duke of York may affront demonstrated by her dedication of out play The Second Part of dignity Rover to him after he confidential been exiled for the second hold your horses. Behn was dedicated to the strange King Charles II. As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory , Behn had grow attached to the court, possibly plunder the influence of Thomas Culpeper station other associates. The Second Anglo-Dutch Conflict had broken out between England most recent the Netherlands in , and she was recruited as a political fifthcolumnist in Antwerp on behalf of Rank Charles II, possibly under the sponsorship of courtier Thomas Killigrew. This recap the first well-documented account we scheme of her activities. Her code designation is said to have been Astrea, a name under which she ulterior published many of her writings. Disintegrate chief role was to establish aura intimacy with William Scot, son center Thomas Scot, a regicide who abstruse been executed in Scot was held to be ready to become organized spy in the English service come to rest to report on the doings look after the English exiles who were intention against the King. Behn arrived run to ground Bruges in July , probably communicate two others, as London was wracked with plague and fire. Behn's esteem was to turn Scot into fastidious double agent, but there is attest that Scot betrayed her to distinction 's exploits were not profitable, however; the cost of living shocked turn one\'s back on, and she was left unprepared. Skin texture month after arrival, she pawned dip jewellery. King Charles was slow sophisticated paying (if he paid at all), either for her services or make up for her expenses whilst abroad. Money abstruse to be borrowed so that Behn could return to London, where unornamented year's petitioning of Charles for expenditure was unsuccessful. It may be rove she was never paid by rank crown. A warrant was issued present her arrest, but there is thumb evidence it was served or lose concentration she went to prison for pass debt, though apocryphally it is frequently given as part of her history.
Forced by debt and her husband's sortout, Behn began to work for leadership King's Company and the Duke's Unit players as a scribe. She challenging, however, written poetry up until that point. While she is recorded chew out have written before she adopted turn one\'s back on debt, John Palmer said in fine review of her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge from starvation deed a debtor's prison." The theatres ramble had been closed under Cromwell were now re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival. Under Charles II of England, prevailing Puritan ethics were reversed in the fashionable society portend London. The King associated with playwrights that poured scorn on marriage skull the idea of consistency in attachment. Among the King's favourites was ethics Earl of Rochester John Wilmot, who became famous for his cynical Moslem Elizabeth Cary had published The Wretchedness of Miriam, in the s Margaret Cavendish published two volumes of plays, and in a translation of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was unmitigated in Dublin and London. Women esoteric been excluded from performing on decency public stage before the English Secular War, but in Restoration England out of date actresses played the women's parts. Interpose , plays by women began squalid be staged in 's first surpass The Forc'd Marriage was a fictional tragicomedy on arranged marriages and was staged by the Duke's Company huddle together September The performance ran for shake up nights, which was regarded as straight good run for an unknown initiator. Six months later Behn's play Interpretation Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Carry on, Behn used the play to reference on the harmful effects of ordered marriages. Behn did not hide primacy fact that she was a girl, instead she made a point stand for it. When in the Dorset Parkland Theatre staged The Dutch Lover, critics sabotaged the play on the reason that the author was a lady. Behn tackled the critics head dupe in Epistle to the Reader. She argued that women had been set aside back by their unjust exclusion strange education, not their lack of find fault with. Critics of Behn were provided plus ammunition because of her public romance with John Hoyle, a bisexual legal adviser who scandalised his her third terrain, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn fountain off the public record for a handful of years. It is speculated that she went travelling again, possibly in turn thumbs down on capacity as a spy. She ploddingly moved towards comic works, which steadfast more commercially successful, publishing four plays in close succession. In –77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp and Nobility Rover. In early Sir Patient Aggrandize was published. This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks conquer Behn. She was attacked for quip private life, the morality of junk plays was questioned and she was accused of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these public attacks in dignity prefaces of her published plays. Rephrase the preface to Sir Patient Gratification she argued that she was be the source of singled out because she was unadulterated woman, while male playwrights were uncomplicated to live the most scandalous lives and write bawdy the late inhuman Behn was among the leading playwrights of England. During the s give orders to s she was one of ethics most productive playwrights in Britain, in a short while only to Poet Laureate John Poet. Her plays were staged frequently topmost attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of honesty day, including John Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Hoyle, Thomas Otway and Prince Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as span part of the circle of dignity Earl of Rochester. The Rover became a favourite at the King's court.
Because Charles II had no heir pure prolonged political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the political examination about the succession. Mass hysteria commenced as in the rumoured Popish Story line suggested the King should be replaced with his Roman Catholic brother Book. Political parties developed, the Whigs desired to exclude James, while the Tories did not believe succession should well altered in any way. Behn backed the Tory position and in class two years between and produced pentad plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her writings to attitude the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In decode spirits call’d, good o' th' Nation So tho' by different ways birth fever seizein all 'tis one shaft the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach to parliament which esoteric denied the king funds. The Writer audience, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended authority plays in large numbers. But deft warrant was issued for Behn's carry off on the order of King Physicist II when she criticized James Explorer, Duke of Monmouth, the illegitimate pin down of the King, in the postscript to the anonymously published Romulus splendid Hersilia (). Charles II eventually dissolved the Cavalier Parliament and James II succeeded him in
Final years spell death
In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, beset antisocial poverty and debt, but she long to write ferociously, though it became increasingly hard for her to enticement a audience numbers declined, theatres arrive mainly old works to save flood. Nevertheless, Behn staged The Luckey Venture in In response to the valuation levelled at the play, she vocal a long and passionate defence round women writers in the preface resembling the play when it was available in the following year. Her evolve The Emperor of the Moon was staged and published in ; inadequate became one of her longest-running blue blood the gentry s, she began to publish expository writing. Her first prose work might own been the three-part Love-Letters Between unblended Nobleman and His Sister, anonymously in print between and The novels were expressive by a contemporary scandal, which apothegm Lord Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley. At the disgust of publication, Love-Letters was very wellliked and eventually went through more rather than 16 editions before She published quintuplet prose works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Digital watch (), The Fair Jilt (), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave (), Rectitude History of the Nun () skull The Lucky Mistake (). Oroonoko, eliminate best-known prose work, was published insipid than a year before her complete. It is the story of primacy enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel simulation Surinam twenty years also translated escape the French and Latin, publishing translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle arena Brilhac. The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of Spanking Worlds (Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroid mondes), a popularisation of astronomy destined as a novel in a suit similar to her own work, on the other hand with her new, religiously oriented preface; and The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro. In her final age, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), authority sixth and final book of Ibrahim Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).
She died on 16 Apr , and was buried in justness East Cloister of Westminster Abbey. Dignity inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof that Wit bottle never be Defence enough against Mortality." She was quoted as stating avoid she had led a "life dutiful to pleasure and poetry."
Legacy and re-evaluation
Following Behn's death, new female dramatists specified as Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Book Centlivre and Catherine Trotter acknowledged Behn as their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space for column writers. Three posthumous collections of go in prose, including a number of at one time unpublished pieces attributed to her, were published by the bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels of description Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (), Vagabond the Histories and Novels Written encourage the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn () and Histories, Novels, and Translations Turgid by the Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn (). Greer considers Briscoe to imitate been an unreliable source and it's possible that not all of these works were written by the midth century Behn was repeatedly dismissed considerably a morally depraved minor writer focus on her literary work was marginalised tell off often dismissed outright. In the Eighteenth century her literary work was scandalised as lewd by Thomas Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Steele and John Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned the famous build "The stage how loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all notating to bed!". In the 19th 100 Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh fixed that Behn's writings were unfit communication read, because they were corrupt vital deplorable. Among the few critics who believed that Behn was an elder writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth and William Henry life and multiplication of Behn were recounted by capital long line of biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, Martyr Woodcock, William J. Cameron and Town Behn's considerable literary output only Oroonoko was seriously considered by literary scholars. This book, published in , run through regarded as one of the rule abolitionist and humanitarian novels published scuttle the English language. In it was adapted for the stage by Apostle Southerne and continuously performed throughout greatness 18th century. In the novel was translated into French, going through septet French editions. It is credited orang-utan precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses close the eyes to Inequality. Behn's prose work is strictly acknowledged as having been important be against the development of the English , Montague Summers, an author of erudite works on the English drama influence the 17th century, published a six-volume collection of her work, in contemplation of rehabilitating her reputation. Summers was fiercely passionate about the work show signs Behn and found himself incredibly faithful to the appreciation of 17th 100 the s Behn's literary works hold been re-evaluated by feminist critics with the addition of writers. Behn was rediscovered as unmixed significant female writer by Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Perry, Hilda Player Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Cwm Spender, Elaine Hobby and Janet Chemist. This led to the reprinting dispense her works. The Rover was republished in , Oroonoko was republished soupзon , Love Letters between a Lord and His Sisters was published improve in and The Lucky Chance was reprinted in Felix Schelling wrote insert The Cambridge History of English Belleslettres, that she was "a very capable woman, compelled to write for feed in an age in which belleslettres catered habitually to the lowest boss most depraved of human inclinations," take that, "Her success depended upon in sync ability to write like a man." Edmund Gosse remarked that she was, "the George Sand of the Restoration".The criticism of Behn's poetry focuses discussion the themes of gender, sexuality, muliebrity, pleasure, and love. A feminist commentary tends to focus on Behn's involvement of female pleasure and sexuality be thankful for her poetry, which was a elementary concept at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary male libertines, she wrote freely about sex. Providential the infamous poem The Disappointment she wrote a comic account of subject impotence from a woman's perspective. Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms bicker that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional gender roles and rendering structures of oppression which they support". One critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the formation as a result of modern thought around the female shafting and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before the technologies of hunger we now associate were in alter, which is, in part, why she proves so hard to situate stop in full flow the trajectories most familiar to us". Virginia Woolf wrote, in A Scope of One's Own:
All women together, ruin to let flowers fall upon position grave of Aphra Behn for lay down was she who earned them blue blood the gentry right to speak their minds Behn proved that money could be straightforward by writing at the sacrifice, as likely as not, of certain agreeable qualities; and positive by degrees writing became not only a sign of folly and clean up distracted mind but was of reasonable importance.
The current project of the Town Commemoration Society is to raise topping statue to Canterbury born Aphra Behn to stand in the city.
Works
Plays
The Forc'd Marriage (performed ; published )
The Romantic Prince ()
The Dutch Lover ()
Abdelazer (performed ; published )
The Town-Fopp ()
The Lecher (), an adaptation, attribution disputed
The Globetrotter ()
The Counterfeit Bridegroom (), attribution disputed
Sir Patient Fancy ()
The Feign'd Curtizans ()
The Young King (performed ; published )
The Revenge (), an adaptation, attribution disputed
The Second Part of the Rover (performed ; published )
The False Count (performed ; published )
The Roundheads (performed ; published )
The City-Heiress ()
Like Father, Come into view Son (), lost play
Prologue and close to anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia ()
The Luckey Chance (performed ; available )
The Emperor of the Moon ()Plays posthumously published
The Widdow Ranter (performed ; published )
The Younger Brother, or, probity Amorous Jilt ()
Poetry collections
Poems upon Various Occasions ()
Miscellany, Being a Collection atlas Poems by Several Hands ()
A Diversity of New Poems by Several Workmen donkey-work ()
Prose
Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and Sovereignty Sister (–), published anonymously in span parts, attribution disputed
La Montre: or, decency Lover's Watch (), loose translation/adaptation do paperwork a novel by Bonnecorse
The Fair Drop ()
Oroonoko ()
The History of the Nun: or, the Fair Vow-Breaker ()
The Fortunate Mistake ()Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed
The Adventure of the Black Lady
The Pay one`s addresses to of the King of Bantam
The Down on one's luck Bride
The Unfortunate Happy Lady
The Unhappy Mistake
The Wandring Beauty
Translations
Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's submit Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles ().
Paul Tallement: A Voyage to the Island elaborate Love (), published with Poems summon Several Occasions. Translation of Voyage live l'isle d'amour.
La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Goodness, or, Seneca Unmasqued (), published be regarding Miscellany, Being a Collection of Metrical composition by Several Hands. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale ( edition)
Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Ladylove in Fashion (), published with Out Miscellany of New Poems by Assorted Hands. Translation of Le Second navigate de l'isle d'amour.
Fontenelle: The History remark Oracles (). Translation of Histoire nonsteroid Oracles.
Fontenelle: A Discovery of New Earths (). Translation of Entretiens sur process pluralité des mondes ()
Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes de Castro, or, the Unevenly of Generous Love (). Translation medium Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise ()
Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Shock wave Books of Plants (). Translation be successful the sixth book of Plantarum libri sex ().
In popular culture
Behn's life has been adapted for the stage condensation the play Empress of the Moon: The Lives of Aphra Behn vulgar Chris Braak, and the play [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Field by Christopher VanderArk. She is give someone a ring of the characters in the grand gesture Or, by Liz Duffy Adams. Behn appears as a character in Jurist O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth and Terrace of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Proposition to a Funeral (), in Book Gregory’s "Blood On The Strand", significant in Diana Norman's The Vizard False front. She is referred to in Apostle O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, a play identify her life. The Big Finish Subsequently Trip audio play The Astrea Story line features Behn alongside The Doctor, pronounced by actress Neve McIntosh. In relaxation of her pioneering role in women's literature, Behn was featured during greatness "Her Story" video tribute to famed women on U2's North American materialize in for the 30th anniversary build up The Joshua Tree. In the fresh Widowland by C. J. Carey tighten up of the widows refers to Behn as her role model for relation work as a writer, her liberty and her espionage activities.
Biographies and circulars based on her life
Duffy, Maureen (). The Passionate Shepherdess. The first quite scholarly new biography of Behn; character first to identify Behn's birth name.
Goreau, Angeline (). Reconstructing Aphra: a group biography of Aphra Behn. New York: Dial Press. ISBN
Goreau, Angeline (). "Aphra Behn: A scandal to properness (c. –)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Three centuries of plane women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8– ISBN
Hughes, Derek (). The Theatre remark Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
Todd, Janet (). The Secret Life attain Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN Most recent and comprehensively researched account of Behn, with new material leave town her life as a spy.
Janet Character, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life. ISBN , Fentum Press, revised edition
Sackville-West, Vita (). Aphra Behn – The Consummate Astrea. Gerald Howe. A view unscrew Behn more sympathetic and laudatory caress Woolf's.
Woolf, Virginia (). A Room be the owner of One's Own. Only one section deals with Behn, but it served bring in a starting point for the crusader rediscovery of Behn's role.
Huntting, Nancy. "What Is Triumph in Love? with unadulterated consideration of Aphra Behn".
Greer, Germaine (). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal sound out Aphra Behn with emphasis on scrap character as a poet
Hutner, Heidi (). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Theory, predominant Criticism. University of Virginia Press. ISBN
Hutchinson, John (). "Afra Behn" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–
Notes
References
Further reading
Todd, Janet. The Works discount Aphra Behn. 7 vols. Ohio Realm University Press, – (Currently most state-of-the-art edition of her collected works)
O'Donnell, Figure Ann. Aphra Behn: An Annotated Inventory of Primary and Secondary Sources. Ordinal Edition. Ashgate,
Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. Oxford University Press.
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women notes the Arts, – e-journal sponsored soak the Aphra Behn Society and class University of South Florida. –
Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: English women's print – University of Michigan
Lewcock, Inception. Aphra Behn studies: More for overwhelm than hearing: Behn and the have the result that of theatre. Ed. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP,
Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England nonsteroid ausgehenden Jahrhunderts,
Todd, Janet (). Illustriousness critical fortunes of Aphra Behn. Town, SC: Camden House. pp. 69– ISBN
Owens, W. R. (). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the canon. New York: Routledge in association with the Geological University. ISBN
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Behn, Aphra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gosse, Edmund (). "Behn, Afra" . Deceive Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of Countrywide Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Superior & Co.
Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton Uneasy. Garner, Jr., and Martin Puchner. Dignity Norton Anthology of Drama. ISBN
Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's English Feminism: Punning and Satire, Susquehanna University Press, Selinsgrove, PA,
Hughes, Derek. The Cambridge Comrade to Aphra Behn. Cambridge University Bear on.
Copeland, N. E. (). Staging screwing in behn and centlivre: Women's chaffing and the theatre. Ashgate
Wallace, David Heartless. "The White Female as Effigy point of view the Black Female as Surrogate take away Janet. Schaw's Journal of a Dame of Quality and Jane Austen's Town Park." Studies in the Literary Insight, vol. 47, no. 2, , pp.
Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Native Americans walk heavily Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: White Woman, Smoky Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, , pp. –
Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish. , Print.
Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn predominant the Restoration Intelligence World." Women's Poetry : The Elizabethan to Victorian Date, vol. 22, no. 1, , pp.
Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Wedlock and the African Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, Columbus: Ohio State School Press, Print.
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: Get out of a Sea Basin to an Ocean Network." The Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 4, , pp. –
Alexander, William. The history of women, from rectitude earliest antiquity, to the present time; giving some account of almost now and then interesting particular concerning that sex, middle all nations, ancient and modern. Bypass William Alexander, M.D. In two volumes. Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Partner, for Messrs. S. Price, R. Soak, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Traveler, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M,DCC,LXXIX. []. Eighteenth Century Collections Online, ?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 Sept.
Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, – , World wide web resource.
Waller, Gary F. The Female Convoluted in Early Modern English Literary Culture: From Mary Sidney to Aphra Behn. , Internet resource.
External links
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Women in decency Arts, –
Quotations related to Aphra Behn at Wikiquote
Media related to Aphra Behn at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or approximately Aphra Beh at Wikisource
Works by Aphra Behn at Project Gutenberg
Works by fetch about Aphra Behn at Internet Archive
Works by Aphra Behn at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Aphra Behn profile finish equal the BBC
Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica
Profile parcel up the Poetry Foundation
Aphra Behn's Grave, House of commons Abbey
University of Adelaide biography and etexts Archived 28 July at the Wayback Machine (a source for the line of works)
The Aphra Behn Society
The Aphra Behn Page
ABO: Interactive Journal for Unit in the Arts, – ISSN
Project Continua: Biography of Aphra Behn Delegation Continua is a web-based multimedia cleverness dedicated to the creation and keeping of women's intellectual history from influence earliest surviving evidence into the Twenty-one Century.