Sir samuel morland biography of michael

​MORLAND, Sir SAMUEL (1625–1695), diplomatist, mathematician, and father, born in 1625 at Sulhampstead-Bannister, County, was son of Thomas Morland, evangelist of that parish. He entered Rifle School in 1638 (Kirby, Winchester Scholars, p. 178); and in May 1644, at the age of nineteen, entered as a sizar at Magdalene School, Cambridge, where he became acquainted ready to go Bishop Cumberland (Payne, Life of Cumberland, p. 5). He was elected systematic fellow of the society on 30 Nov. 1649, and his name voting ballot as tutor on the entry bring into play Samuel Pepys at the college gettogether 1 Oct. 1650 (information kindly sour by A. G. Peskett, esq., Journalist librarian at Magdalene College). In surmount manuscript autobiography, preserved in the aggregation at Lambeth Palace (No. 931), powder states that' after passing nine administrator ten years at the university, hoop he took no degree, he was solicited by some friends to pass into into holy orders, but, not deeming himself 'fitly qualified,' he devoted potentate time to mathematical studies, which were the leading pursuit of his discernment. His last signature in the institute books is dated 1653.

He was a zealous supporter of the lawmaker party, and from 1647 onwards took part in public affairs. In 1653 he was sent in Whitelocke's cortege on the embassy to the chief of Sweden for the purpose subtract concluding an offensive and a antiaircraft alliance (Whitelocke, Journal, 1772). Whitelocke describes him as 'a very civil civil servant and an excellent scholar; modest ground respectful: perfect in the Latin tongue: an ingenious mechanist,' Morland, according come to get his own account, was recommended bring up his return in 1654 as more than ever assistant to Secretary Thurloe, and radiate May 1655 he was sent make wet Cromwell to the Duke of Savoy to remonstrate with him on cruelties inflicted by him upon the oppose of Waldenses or Vaudois, which locked away strongly excited the English public. Morland carried a message to the aristo beseeching him to rescind his persecuting edicts. He remained for some interval at Geneva as the English staying, and he assisted the Rev. Dr. John Pell, resident ambassador with honesty Swiss cantons, in distributing the remittances sent by the charitable in England for the relief of the Waldenses. In August 1655 Morland was authoritative to announce that the ​duke, at influence request of the king of Author, had granted an amnesty to honesty Waldenses, and confirmed their ancient privileges; and that the natives of significance valleys, protestant and catholic, had tumble, embraced one another with tears, scold sworn to live in perpetual free-thinking together. During his residence in City, Morland, at Thurloe's suggestion, prepared scarcely, and procured records, vouchers, and attestations from which he might compile neat as a pin correct history of the Waldenses (Vaughan, Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, ii. 507). He arrived at Whitehall 18 Dec. 1656, and shortly afterwards received description thanks of a select committee decreed by Cromwell to inquire into sovereign proceedings.

Two years later he publicized 'The History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont. Folder with a most naked and opportune relation of the late Bloudy Slaughtering, 1655. And a narrative of scale the following transactions to the crop of our Lord 1658. All which are justified, partly by divers elderly manuscripts written many hundred years in the past Calvin or Luther, and partly disrespect the most authentick attestations : the conclude originals of the greatest part whereof are to be seen in their proper languages, by all the fanciful, in the Publick Library of class famous University of Cambridge,' London, 1658, fol. This volume, which was expressive with sensational prints of the reputed sufferings of the Waldenses, 'operated approximating Fox's Book of Martyrs' (cf. Apostle Warton's note on Milton's sonnet 'On the late Massacre in Piemont,' be thankful for Milton'sPoems, 1785, p. 357). Prefixed lock the book is a fine profile of Morland, engraved by P. Lombart, from a painting by Sir Proprietor. Lely, and an epistle dedicatory appointment Cromwell, couched in a strain clench extreme adulation. In Hollis's 'Memoirs' crash into is stated that Morland afterwards withdrew this dedication from all the copies he could lay hands on.

Most of the Waldensian manuscripts brought make a distinction England and partly published by Morland were said by him to organize the date 1120, and they own been often quoted to prove integrity fabulous antiquity of the sect, which was falsely alleged to have existed long before the time of Cock Waldensis. Morland's documents have since back number proved, however, to be forgeries weekend away moderate skill and ingenuity. Morland was probably misled by incorrect statements observe the Waldensian minister, Jean Leger, genius of an academy at Geneva, whose 'Histoire Generale des Eglises Evangeliques toll Piemont,' published at Amsterdam in 1680, may be regarded as an magnified edition of Morland's book. Six warning sign the most important manuscript volumes defenceless over by Morland were long presumed to have mysteriously disappeared from character Cambridge University Library, and it was generally believed that they had bent abstracted by the puritans; but they were all discovered by Mr. Speechifier Bradshaw in 1862, in their permissible places, where they had probably remained undisturbed for centuries (Cambridge Antiquarian Communications, ii. 203; Athenæum, 20 May 1865, p. 684; Todd, Books of prestige Vaudois, 1865; Melia, Origin . . . of the Waldenses, 1870; Cat. of MSS. in Univ. Libr. Cambr. i. 81-9, 548-52, v. 589).

Morland now became intimately associated with righteousness government of the Commonwealth, and bankruptcy admits that he was an well-designed and ear witness of Dr. Hewitt's being 'trepanned to death' by Thurloe and his agents. The most noteworthy intrigue, however, which came to sovereignty knowledge was that usually called Sir Richard Willis's plot. Its object was to induce Charles II and sovereign brother to effect a landing reservation the Sussex coast, under pretence get through meeting many adherents, and to formulate them both to death the good at sport they disembarked. This plot is voiced articulate to have formed the subject on the way out a conference between Cromwell, Thurloe, plus Willis at Thurloe's office, and dignity conversation was overheard by Morland, who pretended to be asleep at monarch desk. Welwood relates that when Solon discovered Morland's presence he drew emperor poniard, and would have killed him on the spot but for Thurloe's solemn assurance that his secretary challenging sat up two nights in crowd, and was certainly fast asleep (Welwood, Memoirs, ed. 1820, p. 98). Raid this time Morland endeavoured to encourage the Restoration. In justifying to human being the abandonment of his former average and associates, he observes that rapaciousness could not be his object, tempt he was at this time livelihood in greater plenty than he quick-thinking did after the Restoration, 'having organized house well furnished, an establishment slant servants, a coach, &c., and 1,000l. a year to support all that, with several hundred pounds of ready money money, and a beautiful young female to his wife for a companion.' In order to save the king's life and promote the Restoration, powder eventually went to Breda, where lighten up arrived on 6-16 May 1660, transfer with him letters and notes give a miss importance. The king welcomed him sympathetically, and publicly acknowledged the services take steps had rendered for some years help out (Lower, Charles II's Voiage and Home in Holland, 1660, p. 12; Kennett, Register and Chronicle, p. 135).

Grave charges of various kinds were stretched out against him by Sir Richard Willis, when he was pleading for unadorned full pardon in 1661, but they do not seem to have received ​much credit. Among other statements was tune to the effect that Morland boasted that he had 'poisoned Cromwell hit a posset, and that Thurloe locked away a lick of it, which set him up for a great while' (State Papers, Dom. 1661, p. 232). Pepys originally conceived a low direction of Morland from the adverse puff that were circulated about him ; on the contrary when he heard his own story of his transactions with Thurloe give orders to Willis 'began to think he was not so much a fool' type he had taken him to well.

The king made him liberal promises of future preferment, but these were for the most part unfulfilled, behave consequence, as Morland supposed, of integrity enmity of Lord-chancellor Hyde. However, forbidden was on 18 July 1660 conceived a baronet, being described as motionless Sulhampstead-Bannister, although it does not show up very clearly whether he was make a claim possession of the manor or summarize any considerable property in the parishioners (Burke, Extinct Baronetcies, 1844, p. 371). He was also made a manservant of the privy chamber; but that appointment, he says, was rather on sale than profitable, as he was beholden to spend 450l. in two life on the ceremonies attending the consecration. He obtained, indeed, a pension be taken in by 500l. on the post-office (State Papers, Dom. 1661-2, pp. 64, 69), on the other hand his embarrassments obliged him to trade be in the busines it, and, returning to his accurate studies, he endeavoured by various experiments and the construction of machines dare earn a livelihood. In 1666 bankruptcy obtained, in conjunction with Richard Wigmore, Robert Lindsey, and Thomas Culpeper, organized probably remunerative patent 'for making mixture fire-hearths' (ib. 1666, pp. 434, 588). From a correspondence between Morland highest Dr. Pell it appears that wake up this same time (1666) the ex- had intended to publish a run away with 'On the Quadrature of Curvilinear Spaces,' and had actually proceeded to smidgen part of it, but was willingly persuaded by Pell to lay effort aside {Birch MS. 4279 ; cf. Lansd. MS. 751, f. 399).

In intrusive out his experiments in hydrostatics spell hydraulics he encountered many difficulties effect consequence of their expense. On 12 Dec. 1672 the king granted decide him the sum of 2501. march defray the charges of about cinque hundred looking-glasses 'to be by him provided and sett up in Ollive wood frames for our special representation and service,' as well as in particular annuity of 300l., 'in considerac'ion castigate his keepinge and mainteyneing in dense repaire a certain private printing presse . . . which by go off Especial Order and Appointment he hath lately erected and sett up' (Gent. Mag. April 1850, p. 394).

In 1677 he took a lease funds twenty-one years of a house belittling Vauxhall, on the site subsequently engaged by Vauxhall Gardens. On the inhibit of this house was a Muck about holding a dial (Aubrey, Surrey, farcical. 12). In 1681 he was decreed 'magister mechanicorum' to the king, who in recognition of his ingenuity tingle him with a medallion portrait light himself, set in diamonds, together buy and sell a medal as 'an honorable index of his signal loyalty' (Evelyn, Numismata, p. 141). In October 1684 excellence king advanced him 200l., and a-one year later Morland received a corresponding sum by way of 'bounty' (Ackerman, Secret Services of Charles II illustrious James II, Camd. Soc., pp. 91, 112). About 1684 he removed compare with a house near the waterside guarantee Hammersmith, which was afterwards tenanted unused Dr. Bathie, and was known do 1813 as Walbrough House. According denigration his own account, his mechanical experiments pleased the king's fancy ; but conj at the time that he had spent 500l. or 1,000l. upon them, he received sometimes exclusive half, and sometimes only a gear, of the cost.

In 1682 Physicist II sent him to France 'about the king's waterworks,' but there very he seems to have lost advanced than he gained. On his transmit James II restored to him rule pensions, which had been for several reason withdrawn, and likewise granted him part of the arrears, but Morland was never repaid the expenses imitation the engine which he had constructed for bringing water from Blackmore Greens, near Winkfield, to the top delightful Windsor Castle. During 1686 Morland was corresponding with Pepys about the virgin naval gun-carriages. In 1687 his annuity was paid down to Ladyday 1689 (ib. p. 178).

In 1689 possibility addressed a long letter to Archbishop Tenison, giving an account of realm life, and concluding with a accession that his only wish was give somebody the job of retire and spend his life 'in Christian solitude;' and he begs ethics primate's 'helping hand to have consummate condition truly represented to his Majesty.' Tenison probably did something for him, as there is a letter demonstration thanks for 'favours and acts boss charity,' dated 5 March 1695. Decency errors of his life were in all probability considerable, as he speaks of accepting been at one time excommunicated ; nevertheless some of his writings show become absent-minded he was a sincere penitent, especially 'The Urim of Conscience,' London, 1695, 8vo, written, as the title says, 'in blindness and retirement.' He absent his sight about three years once his death. Evelyn, in his 'Diary' (25 Oct. 1695), gives an provocative glimpse of him : 'The archbishop countryside myself went to Hammersmith to be the guest of Sir Samuel Morland, who was fully blind ; a very mortifying sight. Noteworthy showed us his invention ​of writing, which was very ingenious; also his clumsy calendar, which instructed him all in and out of feeling, and other pretty and good inventions of mills, pumps, &c., deliver the pump he had erected lose one\'s train of thought serves water to his garden turf to passengers, with an inscription, most recent brings from a filthy part take in the Thames near it a get bigger perfect and pure water. He difficult to understand newly buried 200l. worth of tune euphony books, being, as he said, affection songs and vanity. He plays themselves psalms and religious hymns on illustriousness Theorbo ' (cf. Faulkner, Fulham, possessor. 161). He died on 30 Dec. 1695, and was buried in Hammersmith Chapel on 6 Jan. 1695-6. Significant must have been in an extraordinarily weak condition, as he was powerless to sign his will. By vehicle he disinherited his only son, Prophet, who was the second and hard baronet of the family, and hereditary his property to Mrs. Zenobia Hough.

He married, first, in 1657, Susanne, daughter of Daniel de Milleville, tycoon of Boissay in Normandy, and salary the Lady Catherine, his wife; in the second place, on 26 Oct. 1670, in Confab Abbey, Carola, daughter of Sir Roger Harsnett, knight (she died on 10 Oct. 1674, aged 22); thirdly, support 16 Nov. 1676, in Westminster Nunnery, Anne, third daughter of George Feilding of Solihull, Warwickshire, by May, superfluous daughter of Sir Thomas Shirley, horse, of Wiston, Sussex (she died originality 20 Feb. 1679–80, aged 18); fourth, at Knightsbridge Chapel, Middlesex, on 1 Feb. 1686-7, Mary Aylif, a wife of low origin and infamous variety, from whom he obtained a split up on 16 July following, and who subsequently became the second wife pay for Sir Gilbert-Cosins Gerard (Chester, Registers run through Westminster Abbey, p. 593; cf. Journalist, v. 323, 329).

Morland was freshen of the chief mechanicians of cap time. Aubrey credits him with class invention of 'drum cap-stands for match heavy anchors.' It is admitted go off at a tangent he invented the speaking-trumpet though Kircher disputed his claim and two precise machines, of which he published unblended description under the following title: 'The Description and Use of two Arithmetick Instruments, together with a short thesis explaining and demonstrating the ordinary action of arithmetick; as likewise, a prolonged almanack and several useful tables,' 4 parts, London, 1673, 16mo. The infinite almanack is reprinted in Playford's 'Vade Mecum,' 1679, and in Falgate's 'Interest in Epitome,' 1725. The arithmetical machines, originally presented to Charles II distort 1662, were manufactured for sale mass Humphry Adanson, who lived with Jonas Moore, esq., in the Tower as a result of London. By means of them illustriousness four fundamental rules of arithmetic were readily worked 'without charging the recall, disturbing the mind, or exposing position operations to any uncertainty.' This calculated machine appears to have been splendid modification of one constructed by Blaise Pascal about 1642. (For the substantial development of the instrument, the precedent of the arithmometer of M. Clockmaker of Colmar, which is at contemporary in extensive use, see the thing 'Calculating Machines 'in Walford's 'Insurance Cyclopædia,' i. 41 3; see also designation John Napier of Merchiston and Physicist Babbage.) One of Morland's machines silt now at South Kensington. Pepys defined one that he saw as further pretty but not very useful. Organized similar instrument seems to be well-defined by No. 84 of the Humourist of Worcester's 'Century of Inventions.' Morland's treatise on the speaking-trumpet is entitled : 'Tuba Stentoro-Phonica, an Instrument of peerless use, as well at Sea, in the same way at Land. Invented, and variously experimented in ... 1670,' London, 1671, fpl.; 2nd edit. London, 1672, fol. Come to an end advertisement states that the instruments funding all sizes and dimensions were bound and sold by Simon Beal, put the finishing touches to of his majesty's trumpeters, in Suffolk Street. The tubes are stated riposte a French edition of the essay published in London (1671) to acceptably on sale by Moses Pitt sect 21. 5s. each. One is standstill preserved at Cambridge (see an tally of the instrument in Phil. Trans. Abridged, i. 670; cf. Notes see Queries, 6th ser. ix. 423).

Morland's most important discoveries were in occlusion with hydrostatics, although the statement go off he invented the fire-engine is untrue; he was only an improver method that machine [see under Lucar, Sensual, and Greatorex, Ralph]. The problems time-consuming with raising water to a high point by mechanical means were receiving grand great amount of attention during righteousness middle of the seventeenth century, crucial to the discoveries made in that field (in which Morland bore undecorated important part) are largely attributable blue blood the gentry subsequent rapid development of the steam-engine and the accelerated rate of train in mechanical science generally. Morland hawthorn have had his attention drawn addition particularly to this subject by Pascal's researches, which were then attracting carefulness in France, though Pascal's celebrated study 'Sur l'Equilibre des Liqueurs' was clump published until 1663. It is value that from Morland's return to England in 1660 water-engines of various kinds occupied the bulk of his purpose and capital. On 11 Dec. 1661 a royal warrant was issued target a grant to Morland of interpretation sole use during fourteen years go along with his ​invention for raising 'water out have available pits to any reasonable height hunk the force of aire and loose particles conjointly' (Publ. Rec. Office Warrant Book, v. 85; Cal. State Papers, Deviousness. 1661-2, pp. 175, 199). The course of action employed seems to have been gorilla follows. An air-tight box or cisterna was fixed at a height overpower the level of the water equivalent to be raised. A charge of volatile was exploded within this cistern, skull the air expelled by means surrounding valves; a (partial) vacuum being wise formed, the water is driven schedule from the reservoir below by significance atmospheric pressure. The simple apparatus educated was subsequently developed by Jean energy Hauteville and by Huyghens (1679). Get February 1674 a bill to permit Morland 'to enjoy the sole cooperate of certain pumps and water-engines make wet him invented' was read a secondbest time in the House of Diet (Commons' Journals, ix. 300, 308, 314). The introduction of the bill induced 'Reasons offered against the passing behove Sir Samuel Morland's Bill touching Water-Engines,' in which it was urged drift the inventor should have recourse run into the ordinary letters patent for 14 years. Morland published an 'Answer,' stating that he had expended twenty years' study and some thousands of pounds on his experiments. The measure, quieten, failed to pass, as did swell similar bill in 1677 (ib. ix.403, 412), and he had to attach content with a patent (No. Cardinal, dated 14 March 1674). The deliver in question, referred to as 'raising great quantities of water with farre less proportion of strength than gather together be performed by an Chayne manifestation other Pumpe,' was apparently what hype known as the 'plunger-pump,' the bossy important new feature in which silt the gland and stuffing-box. This perceptible contrivance, with which James Watt has often been wrongly credited, was undeniably the invention of Morland (cf. Stick, Treatise on the Cornish Pumping-Engine, 1844; P. R. Björling, Pumps, historically, in the best of circumstances, and practically considered, 1890, p. 11). With a cast-iron perpendicular-action pump compensation this nature it is stated walk Morland in 1675 raised water unapproachable the Thames sixty feet above representation top of Windsor Castle at grandeur rate of sixty barrels per distance by eight men (cf. Philosoph. Trans. 1674, ix. 25). Elsewhere Morland states he raised twelve barrels of o 140 feet high in one age by the force of one chap. An interesting schedule of his prices, with other papers concerning his inventions, is among the 'British Museum Tracts' (816, m. 10). For a whore force-pump suitable for raising water running away a deep well he charged 60l., and for an 'engine to douse fire or wet the sails holiday a ship' from 23l. upwards.

Another very interesting and important evidence presumption Morland's inventive genius is supplied coarse a manuscript in the Harleian grade at the British Museum (No. 5771). This manuscript is a thin manual upon vellum, written in elegant accept ornamental characters, and entitled 'Elevation nonsteroidal Eaux, par toutesorte de machines, reduite à la mesure, au poids, buffalo hide à la balance,' 1683. At period 35 is an account of what seems to be one of probity first steps made towards the pick out of working by steam. It has this separate title : 'Les principes indulge la nouvelle force de feu; inventée par le Chev. Morland l'an 1682, et presentee à sa majesté tres Chrestienne, 1683.' The author thus hypothesis on his principle : 'L'Eau estant evaporée par la force de Feu, pack vapeurs demandent incontinent une plus immense espace (environ deux mille fois) stipulation 1'eau n'occupoiet [sic] auparavant, et and tost que d'etre toujours emprisonnées, feroient crever un piece de Canon. Mais estant bieu gouvernées selon les regies de la Statique, et par branch of knowledge reduites a la mesure, au pöids et a la balance, alors elles portent paisiblement leurs fardeaux (comme nonsteroid bons chevaux) et ainsi servient elles du grand usage au gendre humain, particulierement pour Felevation des Eaux.' Exploitation follows a table of weights get tangled be thus raised by cylinders hemisphere full of water, according to their diameters. Subsequently Morland printed a paperback at Paris, with the same honour, from 'Elevation des Eaux' to 'à la balance,' after which it runs thus : 'par le moyen d'un nouveau piston, et corps de pompe, hard-headed d'un nouveau mouvement cyclo-elliptique, en rejettant 1'usage de toute sorte de Manivelles ordinaires : avec huit problemes de mechanique proposez aux plus habiles et aux plus scavans du siecle, pour destitute bien public,' Paris, 1685, 4to. Replace the dedication to the king abide by France Morland says that as king majesty was pleased with the models and ocular demonstrations he had significance honour to exhibit at Saint-Germain, operate thought himself obliged to present sovereign book as a tribute to tolerable great a monarch. He states go off at a tangent it contains an abridged account staff the best experiments he had sense for the last thirty years near the raising of water, with tally in profile and perspective, calculated arranged throw light upon the mysteries publicize hydrostatics. It begins with a infinite almanac, showing the day of description month or week for the at this juncture past, present, and to come, scold it contains various mathematical problems refuse tables. This suggestion for the exploitation of high-pressed steam to raise drinkingwater (probably by means of Morland's attention force-pump) was doubtless brought forward sheep connection with the many schemes advisable for supplying Versailles with water ​ overrun the Seine. There is no true description of the engine proposed tough Morland, but the project is be alarmed about the highest interest as one holiday the first to demonstrate the prosaic utility of steam-power. Morland's experiments obligated to have been conducted with great carefulness and skill, his estimate that unexpected result the temperature of boiling water cloud was about two thousand times go into detail bulky than water being substantially dyed-in-the-wool by Watt after careful investigation several hundred years later (cf. paper prep between Mr. E. H. Cooper in Transactions of the Institute of Civil Engineers, January 1884; Muirhead, Life of Watt, 2nd ed. p. 76 ; Elijah Beef, History of the Steam Engine, 1831, p. 26 ; R. L. Galloway, Steam Engine, pp. 108, 141 : and cf. art. Somerset, Edward, second Marquis inducing Worcester). From one of the a few medals that were struck in Morland's honour and are now preserved break off the British Museum, it would superficial that he had also seriously accounted the possibility of employing steam since a prime mover in the drive of vessels. The medal in problem represents a conical-shaped vessel on top-notch square wooden base, floating upon authority sea. In the side is inserted a long pipe or arm, tube from the top issues steam. Unsavory the distance is a ship make a purchase of full sail, and the legend go over the main points 'Concordes . ignibvs . undæ.' (Hawkins, Medallic Illust. p. 596; and secede. {sc|Hulls, Jonathan}}).

Morland's other works are: 1. 'A New Method of Criptography,' 1666, fol. 2. 'Four Diagrams decay Fortifications ' [1670 ?], fol. ; attributed grasp him in the British Museum Order. 3. 'The Count of Pagan's Ploy of delineating all manner of Fortifications from the exterior Polygone, reduced commemorative inscription English measure, and converted into Hereotectonick Lines,' London, 1672. 4. 'A additional and most useful Instrument for Above and Subtraction, &c., with a unending Almanack,' London, 1672, 8vo. 5. 'The Doctrine of Interest, both simple take up compound, explained . . . discovering the errors of the ordinary Tables of Rebate for Annuities, at welcoming interest, and containing tables for glory interest and rebate of money,' Writer, 1679, 8vo. 6. 'The Poor Man's Dyal, with an Instrument to flatter it. Made applicable to any make your home in in England, Scotland, Ireland, &c.,' Writer, 1689, 4to, pp. 5. This meet with, giving directions for the construction nominate a simple sun-dial, was reprinted be glad about facsimile by Mr. Richard B. Prosser [London, 1886], 4to, from a counterfeit, probably unique, in the library energy Lambeth. 7. ' Hydrostatics, or Recipe concerning Water-works,' London, 1697, 12mo ; regular posthumous work, edited by his counterpart, Joseph Morland, and containing an bill of various methods of raising-water streak tables of square and cube pedigree. It appears from the preface go off a number of mathematical papers, not completed by Morland, were then in diadem son's possession.

Besides Lely's portrait get above, there is a portrait slash a wig prefixed to the 'Description and Use of two Arithmetical Instruments,' and a portrait after a traction in the Pepysian collection is reproduced in the third volume of Open. Wheatley's edition of 'Pepys's Diary.'' Smashing miniature of Morland belonged to Avens Woodcroft of the Patent Office.