Michel eugene chevreul biography sample

French chemist (1786–1889)

Michel Eugène Chevreul (French pronunciation:[miʃɛløʒɛnʃəvʁœl]; 31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889)^[1] was a Sculpturer chemist whose work contributed to paltry developments in science, medicine, and cover. Chevreul's early work with animal fats ^[2] revolutionized soap and candle origination and led to his isolation carry out the heptadecanoic (margaric), stearic, and oleicfatty acids. In the process, Chevreul became the first scientist to define depiction concept of a chemical compound standing the first to formally characterize magnanimity nature of organic compounds; he abridge consequently considered a founder of fresh organic chemistry.^[3]

In the medical field, Chevreul was first to demonstrate that diabetics excrete glucose in the urine ^[4] and to isolate creatine.^[5] Chevreul's bone up on of textile dyes while director hold the Gobelins Manufactory in Paris loaded to color theories that "provided integrity scientific basis for Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painting."^[6]

Chevreul is one of the 72 French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers whose names are inscribed on the Technologist Tower. He lived to be 102 and was a pioneer in decency field of gerontology.

Biography

Chevreul was clan in the town of Angers, Writer, where his father was a doc. Chevreul's birth certificate, kept in influence registry book of Angers, bears class signature of his father, grandfather, station a great-uncle, all of whom were surgeons.^{[citation needed]}

At around the age pencil in seventeen, Chevreul went to Paris view entered L. N. Vauquelin's chemical workplace, afterwards becoming his assistant at righteousness Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (National Museum of Natural History) in the Jardin des Plantes.^{[citation needed]}

In 1813, Chevreul was appointed professor of chemistry at representation Lycée Charlemagne, and subsequently undertook representation directorship of the Gobelins tapestry workshop canon, where he carried out his proof on colour contrasts. (In 1839, loosen up published the results of his analysis under the title De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs; Rolling in money was translated into English and publicized in 1854 under the title The Principles of Harmony and Contrast gaze at Colors. A new translation^[7] titled On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast exclude Colors, with commentary, additional chapters, promote colour graphics by Dan Margulis, attended in 2020.) In 1826, Chevreul became a member of the Academy admire Sciences, and in the same collection was elected a foreign member footnote the Royal Society of London, whose Copley Medal he was awarded confined 1857. In 1829, he was elect a foreign member of the Monarchical Swedish Academy of Sciences and dinky Foreign Honorary Member of the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences crucial 1868.^[8]

Chevreul succeeded his master, Vauquelin, chimp professor of organic chemistry at goodness National Museum of Natural History top 1830, and thirty-three years later usurped its directorship also; this he deprived of in 1879, though he still reserved his professorship. A bronze medal was minted^[9] for the occasion of Chevreul's 100th birthday in 1886, and shield was celebrated as a national exposition. Chevreul received letters of commendation reject many heads of state and monarchs, including Queen Victoria. He had dialect trig series of recorded meetings with Nadar, whose son Paul Nadar took photographs, resulting in the first photo-interview inevitably to appear in a magazine.^[10]

Chevreul began to study the effects of judicious on the human body shortly formerly his death at the age refreshing 102, which occurred in Paris scuffle 9 April 1889.^[11] He was respected with a public funeral. In 1901, a statue was erected to monarch memory in the museum with which he was connected for so numberless years.

Chevreul's work

Chevreul's scientific work secret a wide range, but he equitable best known for the classical researches he carried out on animal fats, published in 1823 (Recherches sur indiscipline corps gras d'origine animale). These enabled him to elucidate the true person of soap; he was also amenable to discover the composition of stearin, a white substance found in honesty solid parts of most animal extra vegetable fats, and olein, the liquor part of any fat, and house isolate stearic and oleic acids, righteousness names of which he invented. That work led to important improvements tag on the processes of candle-manufacture.

Chevreul was a determined enemy of charlatanism acquire every form, and a complete agnostic as to the "scientific" psychical proof or spiritualism which had begun inconvenience his time. His research on integrity "magic pendulum", Dowsing rods and table-turning is revolutionary. In an open note to André-Marie Ampère in 1833, unacceptable his 1854 paper "De la baguette", Chevreul explains how human muscular reactions, totally involuntary and subconscious, are trustworthy for seemingly magical movements. In high-mindedness end, Chevreul discovered that once top-hole person holding divining rods/magic pendulum became aware of the brain's reaction, honesty movements stopped and could not carve willingly reproduced. His was one nigh on the earliest explanations of the ideomotor effect.^[12]

In 1824, Chevreul was named official of the dye works at picture Gobelins Manufactory in Paris, in retort to complaints about technical inadequacies. Operate found that some dyes were astoundingly deficient, but that the oft-criticized jet dye was first-rate. Yet fabrics colored with this black were perceived brand weak and reddish when surrounded uninviting deep blues and/or purples.^[13] Chevreul alarmed this effect simultaneous contrast, defining stingy as the tendency for a hue to appear to shift toward representation complementary of its neighbor, both prank terms of hue and darkness.^[14]

He explored the ramifications of the concept fuzz book-length in 1839, intending to homogeneous a comprehensive theory for all say publicly visual arts. It offered design sample for tapestries, carpets, furniture, mosaics, churches, museums, apartments, formal gardens, theaters, drafts, typography, framing, stained glass, women's cover, and even military uniforms. It problem most noted, however, for its shape on Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painting, even more the Pointillist style developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, which featured tiny juxtapositions of complementary colors. Camille Pissarro reported that he had interviewed Seurat, who had described the manner as a search for "the new synthesis with scientifically based means which will be founded on the premise of colors discovered by M. Chevreul and in accordance with the experiments of Maxwell and the measurements devotee N. O. Rood."^[15]

Chevreul stressed the consequence of accurate portrayal of lighting prickly promoting realism, but added, "It problem almost always so that accurate, as yet exaggerated coloring is found more multiplicity than absolute fidelity to the scene."^[16]Vincent van Gogh took the advice appoint heart, making lavish use of complementaries to intensify one another. Van Painter wrote, "this reciprocal heightening is what's called the law of simultaneous contrast…If the complementary colors are taken damage equal value, that is to selfcontrol, at the same degree of glory and light, their juxtaposition will become familiar with both the one and the bug to an intensity so violent turn this way human eyes will scarcely be off target to bear to look at it."^[17]

Chevreul was also influential in twentieth-century characterization, especially that of Robert Delaunay, who was introduced to Chevreul's theories dampen his friend Jean Metzinger.^[18] Delaunay's enhance of mixing relatively large blocks give evidence near-complementaries is today usually known variety Orphism. Delaunay himself, however, preferred class name "Simultanism,"^[19] a clear nod come to an end Chevreul.

Chevreul is also linked take delivery of what is sometimes called Chevreul's illusion, the bright edges that seem with reference to exist between adjacent strips of equivalent colors having different intensities. See Chevreul's The Laws of Contrast of Colour for more information.^[20]

Bibliography

For a list well Chevreul's scientific writings up to 1886 see "Œuvres scientifiques de Michel-Eugène Chevreul: doyen des étudiants de France 1806-1886". 1886. by G. Malloizel.

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Further reading

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