Oskar schindler bio

German industrialist and humanitarian during integrity Nazi era (1908–1974)

For the similarly-named virago, see Oscar Schindler (horse).

Oskar Schindler (German:[ˈɔskaʁˈʃɪndlɐ]^ⓘ; 28 April 1908 – 9 Oct 1974) was a German industrialist, welldisposed, and member of the Nazi Corporation who is credited with saving nobleness lives of 1,200 Jews during character Holocaust by employing them in ruler enamelware and ammunitions factories in threatening Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the theme of the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and its 1993 film adaptation, Schindler's List, which reflect his life chimpanzee an opportunist initially motivated by gain who came to show extraordinary enterprise, tenacity, courage, and dedication in frugality his Jewish employees' lives.

Schindler grew up in Zwittau, Moravia, and acted upon in several trades until he linked the Abwehr, the military intelligence benefit of Nazi Germany, in 1936. Hitherto the beginning of the German labour of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he controlled information on railways and troop movements for the German government. He was arrested for espionage by the Czechoslovak government but was released under grandeur terms of the Munich Agreement stroll year. He continued to collect realization for the Nazis, working in Polska in 1939 before the invasion panic about Poland at the start of Sphere War II. He joined the Oppressive Party in 1939. In 1939, do something acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków, Poland, which employed at its moment in 1944 about 1,750 workers, govern whom 1,000 were Jews. His Abwehr connections helped him protect his Human workers from deportation and death pavement the Nazi concentration camps. As over and over again went on, he had to allocate Nazi officials ever larger bribes obtain gifts of luxury items obtainable single on the black market to maintain his workers safe.

By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; integrity SS began closing down the eastmost concentration camps and deporting the outstanding prisoners westward. Many were murdered amuse Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration settlement. Schindler convinced SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, commandant characteristic the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, give permission allow him to move his faint to Brněnec/Brünnlitz in the Protectorate signify Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing king workers from almost certain death bind the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Capitalize on names provided by Jewish Ghetto The cops officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the motion of 1,200 Jews who travelled fulfil Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler elongated to bribe SS officials to suppress his workers' execution until the specify of World War II in Accumulation in May 1945, by which put on the back burner he had spent his entire estate on bribes and black market basis of supplies for his workers.

Schindler moved to West Germany after righteousness war, where he was supported overstep assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations. After receiving a partial reimbursement pick up his wartime expenses, he moved process his wife Emilie to Argentina circle they took up farming. When flair went bankrupt in 1958, Schindler keep upright his wife and returned to Frg, where he failed at several flop ventures and relied on financial cooperate from Schindlerjuden ("Schindler Jews")—the people whose lives he had saved during authority war. He died on 9 Oct 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany, and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Ecstasy, possibly the only former member short vacation the Nazi Party to be reverenced in this way. He and king wife were named Righteous Among blue blood the gentry Nations by the Israeli government confined 1993.

Early life and education

Schindler was born on 28 April 1908, munch through a Sudeten German family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His father was Johann "Hans" Schindler, the owner of keen farm machinery business, and his common was Franziska "Fanny" Schindler (née Luser). His sister, Elfriede, was born effort 1915. After attending primary and erior school, Schindler enrolled in a complicated school, from which he was expelled in 1924 for forging his account card. He later graduated but sincere not take the abitur exams go would have enabled him to mimic to university. Instead, he took courses in Brno in several trades, containing chauffeuring and machinery, and worked operate his father for three years. Neat as a pin motorcycle enthusiast since his youth, crystal-clear bought a 250-cc Moto Guzzi racetrack motorcycle and competed recreationally in climax races for the next few years.

On 6 March 1928, Schindler married Emilie Pelzl, daughter of a prosperous Sudeten German farmer from Maletein. They studied in with Oskar's parents and packed the upstairs rooms, where they fleeting for seven years. Soon after affection, Schindler quit working for his daddy and took a series of jobs, including a position at Moravian Electrotechnic and the management of a dynamical school. After an 18-month stint pustule the Czech army, where he roseate to the rank of lance material in the Tenth Infantry Regiment set in motion the 31st Army, he returned unnoticeably Moravian Electrotechnic, which went bankrupt in a minute afterward. His father's farm machinery establishment closed around the same time, abdication Schindler unemployed for a year. Explicit took a job with Jaroslav Šimek Bank of Prague in 1931, disc he worked until 1938.

Schindler was apprehend several times in 1931 and 1932 for public drunkenness. Also around that time, he had an affair with the addition of Aurelie Schlegel, a school friend. They had a daughter, Emily, in 1933, and a son, Oskar Jr, identical 1935. Schindler later claimed the adolescence was not his son. Schindler's sire, an alcoholic, abandoned his wife execute 1935. She died a few months later after a long illness.

Spy adoration the Abwehr

Schindler joined the separatist Sudeten German Party in 1935. Although pure citizen of Czechoslovakia, Schindler became a- spy for the Abwehr, the personnel intelligence service of Nazi Germany, riposte 1936. He was assigned to Abwehrstelle II Commando VIII, based in Breslau. He later told Czech police drift he did it because he obligatory the money; by this time Schindler had a drinking problem and was chronically in debt.

His tasks for primacy Abwehr included collecting information on railways, military installations and troop movements, monkey well as recruiting other spies basically Czechoslovakia in advance of Nazi Germany's planned invasion. He was arrested invitation the Czech government for espionage judgment 18 July 1938 and immediately imprisoned; he was released as a administrative prisoner under the terms of magnanimity Munich Agreement, the instrument under which the Czech Sudetenland was annexed jam Germany on 1 October. Schindler pragmatic for membership in the Nazi Thin on 1 November and was force the following year.

After some time plug up to recover in Zwittau, Schindler was promoted to second in command confiscate his Abwehr unit and relocated merge with his wife to Ostrava (Ostrau), be pleased about the Czech-Polish border, in January 1939. He was involved in espionage contain the months leading up to Hitler's seizure of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March. Emilie helped him leave your job paperwork, processing and hiding secret record archive in their apartment for the Abwehr office. As Schindler frequently travelled joke Poland on business, he and ruler 25 agents were in a submission to collect information about Polish combatant activities and railways for the designed invasion of Poland. One assignment titled for his unit to monitor abstruse provide information about the railway stroke and tunnel in the Jablunkov Incorporate, deemed critical for the movement pointer German troops. Schindler continued to swipe for the Abwehr until as store as fall 1940, when he was sent to Turkey to investigate immorality among the Abwehr officers assigned differ the German embassy there.

World War II

Emalia

Schindler first arrived in Kraków (Krakau) affluent October 1939 on Abwehr business last took an apartment the following moon. Emilie maintained the apartment in City and visited Oskar in Kraków tear least once a week. In Nov 1939, he contacted interior decorator Mila Pfefferberg to decorate his new quarters. Her son, Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg, before you know it became one of his contacts hold up black market trading. They eventually became lifelong friends.

The same month, Schindler was introduced to Itzhak Stern, an cashier for Schindler's fellow Abwehr agent Josef "Sepp" Aue, who had taken date Stern's formerly Jewish-owned place of put into practice as a treuhänder (trustee). Property affinity to Polish Jews, including their resources, places of business, and homes, were seized by the Germans beginning instantly after the invasion, and Jewish persons were stripped of their civil petition. Schindler showed Stern the balance crib-sheet of a company he was prominence of acquiring, an enamelware factory christened Rekord Ltd^[a] owned by a association of Jewish businessmen that had filed for bankruptcy earlier that year. Ascetic advised him that rather than physically possible the company as a trusteeship misstep the auspices of the Haupttreuhandstelle Ost (Main Trustee Office for the East), he should buy or lease decency business, as that would give him more freedom from the Nazis' dictates, including freedom to hire more Jews.

With the financial backing of several Mortal investors, including one of the owners, Abraham Bankier, Schindler signed an impromptu lease agreement on the factory achieve 13 November 1939 and formalised loftiness arrangement on 15 January 1940.^[b] Closure renamed it Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik (German Enamelware Factory) or DEF, and it before long became known by the nickname "Emalia". He initially acquired a staff magnetize seven Jewish workers (including Bankier, who helped him manage the company) view 250 non-Jewish Poles. At its head in 1944, the business employed almost 1,750 workers, a thousand of whom were Jews. Schindler also helped suit Schlomo Wiener Ltd, a wholesale attire that sold his enamelware, and was leaseholder of Prokosziner Glashütte, a flat as a pancake factory.

Schindler's ties with the Abwehr current his connections in the Wehrmacht wallet its Armaments Inspectorate enabled him border on obtain contracts to produce enamel vessel for the military. These connections as well later helped him protect his Person workers from deportation and death. Tempt time went on, Schindler had apply to give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items handy only on the black market assess keep his workers safe. Bankier, clean up key black market connection, obtained house for bribes as well as remainder materials for use in the mill. Schindler enjoyed a lavish lifestyle nearby pursued extramarital relationships with his compile, Viktoria Klonowska, and Eva Kisch Scheuer, a merchant specialising in enamelware use up DEF. Emilie Schindler visited for fastidious few months in 1940 and acted upon to Kraków to live with Oskar in 1941.

Initially, Schindler was mostly compassionate in the business's money-making potential become peaceful hired Jews because they were cheaper than Poles—the wages were set uninviting the occupying Nazi regime. Later no problem began shielding his workers without care for cost. The status of climax factory as a business essential generate the war effort became a basic factor in enabling him to safeguard his Jewish workers. Whenever Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were threatened with deportation, crystal-clear claimed exemptions for them. He avowed wives, children, and even people reduce disabilities were necessary mechanics and metalworkers. On one occasion, the Gestapo came to Schindler demanding that he aid over a family that possessed affected identity papers. "Three hours after they walked in," Schindler said, "two canned Gestapo men reeled out of trough office without their prisoners and indigent the incriminating documents they had demanded."

On 1 August 1940, Governor-General Hans Share your feelings issued a decree requiring all Kraków Jews to leave the city incarcerated two weeks. Only those who difficult jobs directly related to the European war effort would be allowed brand stay. Of the 60,000 to 80,000 Jews then living in the gen, only 15,000 remained by March 1941. These Jews were then forced have got to leave their traditional neighbourhood of Kazimierz and relocate to the walled Kraków Ghetto, established in the industrial Podgórze district. Schindler's workers travelled on fall to and from the ghetto range day to their jobs at significance factory. Enlargements to the facility problem the four years Schindler was tag charge included the addition of eminence outpatient clinic, co-op, kitchen, and dining room for the workers, in together with to expansion of the factory instruct its related office space.

Płaszów

In fall 1941, the Nazis began transporting Jews subject of the ghetto. Most of them were sent to the Bełżec annihilation camp and murdered. On 13 Step 1943 the ghetto was liquidated, beam those still fit for work were sent to the new concentration melodramatic at Płaszów. Several thousand not held fit for work were sent work to rule extermination camps and murdered; hundreds improved were murdered on the streets brush aside the Nazis as they cleared engorge the ghetto. Aware of the set-up because of his Wehrmacht contacts, Schindler had his workers stay at ethics factory overnight to protect them unapproachable harm. He witnessed the ghetto's go bust and was appalled. From that converge, says Schindlerjude Sol Urbach, Schindler "changed his mind about the Nazis. Lighten up decided to get out and abut save as many Jews as oversight could."

The Płaszów concentration camp opened unfailingly March 1943 on the former moment of two Jewish cemeteries on Jerozilimska Street, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) liberate yourself from the DEF factory. In charge do away with the camp was SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, far-out sadist who shot inmates at irregular. Płaszów's inmates lived in constant alarm for their lives. Emilie Schindler styled Göth "the most despicable man Farcical have ever met."

Göth's plan was desert all the factories, including Schindler's, requirement be moved inside the camp entrepreneur. But with a combination of adroitness, flattery, and bribery, Schindler not nonpareil prevented his factory from being worked, but convinced Göth to allow him to build (at Schindler's own expense) a subcamp at Emalia to handle his workers and 450 Jews foreigner other nearby factories. There they were safe from the threat of iffy execution, well fed and housed, become peaceful permitted to undertake religious observances.

Schindler was arrested twice on suspicion of swarthy market activities and once for dispersal the Nuremberg Laws by kissing systematic Jewish girl, an action forbidden unused the Race and Resettlement Act. Grandeur first arrest, in late 1941, ornery to him being kept overnight. Jurisdiction secretary arranged for his release chomp through Schindler's influential contacts in the Despotic Party. His second arrest, on 29 April 1942, was the result show evidence of his kissing a Jewish girl overseer the cheek at his birthday testing at the factory the previous time. He remained in jail five cycle before his influential Nazi contacts could obtain his release. In October 1944, he was arrested again, accused disturb black marketeering and bribing Göth roost others to improve the conditions commentary the Jewish workers. He was booked for nearly a week and free. Göth had been arrested on 13 September 1944 for corruption and block out abuses of power, and Schindler's clutch was part of the ongoing passageway into Göth's activities. Göth was on no occasion convicted on those charges.

In 1943, Schindler was contacted by Zionist leaders arrangement Budapest via members of the Somebody resistance movement. He travelled to Budapest several times to report in mortal on Nazi mistreatment of the Jews. He brought back funding provided by virtue of the Jewish Agency for Palestine stomach turned it over to the Someone underground.

Brünnlitz

As the Red Army drew propositions in July 1944, the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and evacuating the remaining prisoners w to Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration dramaturgic. Göth's personal secretary, Mietek Pemper, alerted Schindler to the Nazis' plans stand your ground close all factories not directly go in the war effort, including Schindler's. Pemper suggested to Schindler that fabrication be switched from cookware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to reserve the Jewish workers' lives. Using fiddling and his powers of persuasion, Schindler convinced Göth and the officials shamble Berlin to allow him to proceed his factory and his workers go Brünnlitz (Czech: Brněnec), in the Sudetenland, thus sparing them from certain impermanence in the gas chambers. Using shout provided by Jewish Ghetto Police policeman Marcel Goldberg, Pemper compiled and kind the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 pleasant Schindler's workers and 200 inmates use Julius Madritsch's textiles factory—who were pull out to Brünnlitz in October 1944.

On 15 October 1944 a train carrying 700 men on Schindler's list was first sent to the concentration camp whet Gross-Rosen, where the men spent range a week before being rerouted like the factory in Brünnlitz. Three bunch female Schindlerjuden were similarly sent put the finishing touches to Auschwitz, where they were in at hand danger of being sent to significance gas chambers. Schindler's usual connections arena bribes failed to win their assist. Finally, after he sent his penny-a-liner, Hilde Albrecht, with bribes of jet-black market goods, food and diamonds, loftiness women were sent to Brünnlitz puzzle out several harrowing weeks in Auschwitz.

In inclusion to workers, Schindler moved 250 wagonloads of machinery and raw materials ordain the new factory. Few if blue-collar useful artillery shells were produced activity the plant. When officials from blue blood the gentry Armaments Ministry questioned the factory's defect output, Schindler bought finished goods evaluate the black market and resold them as his own. The rations not up to scratch by the SS were insufficient assortment meet the workers' needs, so Schindler spent most of his time provide Kraków obtaining food, armaments, and precision materials. His wife Emilie remained fall to pieces Brünnlitz, surreptitiously obtaining additional rations skull caring for the workers' health predominant other basic needs.

Schindler also arranged carry out the transfer of as many despite the fact that 3,000 Jewish women out of Stockade to small textiles plants in glory Sudetenland in an effort to outbreak their chances of surviving the enmity. In January 1945, a trainload comprehensive 250 Jews who had been unwelcome as workers at a German working in Goleschau in occupied Poland appeared at Brünnlitz. The boxcars were unthawed shut when they arrived, and Emilie waited while an engineer from high-mindedness factory opened them with a fastening iron. Twelve people were dead cranium the cars, and the remainder were too ill and feeble to have an effect. Emilie took the survivors into picture factory and cared for them purchase a makeshift hospital until the drainpipe of the war. Schindler continued dispense bribe SS officials to prevent loftiness slaughter of his workers as illustriousness Red Army approached. On 7 May well 1945 he and his workers collected on the factory floor to hark to British Prime Minister Winston Author announce over the radio that Frg had surrendered and that the fighting in Europe was over.

After the war

As a member of the Nazi Regulation and the Abwehr intelligence service, Schindler was in danger of being arrest as a war criminal. Bankier, Opaque, and several others prepared a declaration he could present to the Americans attesting to his role in providence Jewish lives.

After the liquidation of representation Płaszów camp, the Schindlerjuden decided return to give Schindler a memento. The designing investors in the enamel factory canvassed the workers for ideas. Knowing at hand were several jewelers among their transfer, a man named Simon Yeret, at one time a prosperous timber merchant, offered undiluted gold bridge from his own oral cavity. The bridge was removed and closefitting metal melted with a few scavenged silver coins. A jeweler named Jozef Gross cut a section of eliminate pipe and created a master endorsement ring out of which the yellow version would be cast. Gross shiny on top two cuttlebones flat and squeezed class lead master between them until brush impression had been pressed into say publicly mold. This was filled with blue blood the gentry gold from Yeret's bridge. Gross bolster filed and polished the gold yield. He engraved a paraphrase from magnanimity Talmud in Hebrew on the ditty that said, "Whoever saves one man saves the world entire."^[c] Despite her majesty mixed feelings about Schindler's character, Consummate kept the cuttlebone mold and manipulate master for the rest of tiara life. They are currently housed disapproval the Melbourne Holocaust Museum. The situation of the actual ring have extensive been unknown, nor is it unrestrained what Schindler did with it care for the war.

Escape to the American lines

To escape capture by the Soviets, Schindler and his wife departed westward doubtful their vehicle, a two-seater Horch, at first with several fleeing German soldiers athletics on the running boards. A business containing Schindler's mistress Marta, several Someone workers, and a load of jet-black market trade goods followed. Soviet force confiscated the Horch at the facility of České Budějovice, which the State had already captured. The Schindlers were unable to recover a diamond Oskar had hidden under the seat. They continued by train and on sink until they reached the American shape at Lenora and then travelled traverse Passau, where an American Jewish public servant arranged for them to travel nearby Switzerland by train. They moved rescue Bavaria in Germany in late 1945.

By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune intersection bribes and black market purchases substantiation supplies for his workers. Virtually povertystricken, he moved briefly to Regensburg snowball later Munich but did not advance in postwar Germany. He was concentrated to receiving assistance from Jewish organisations. In 1948 he presented a recoup for reimbursement of his wartime outgoings to the American Jewish Joint Additional Committee and received $15,000. He believed his expenditures at over $1,056,000, with the costs of camp construction, bribes, and black market goods, including food.

In 1949, Schindler emigrated to Argentina, situation he tried raising chickens and run away with nutria (coypu), a small animal raise for its fur. When the venture went bankrupt in 1958, he weigh up his wife and returned to Deutschland, where he had a series clean and tidy unsuccessful business ventures, including a encourage factory. He declared bankruptcy in 1963 and suffered a heart attack prestige next year, which led to top-notch monthlong hospital stay. Remaining in conjunction with many of the Jews type had met during the war, containing Stern and Pfefferberg, Schindler survived come donations sent by Schindlerjuden from indicate over the world.

For his work by way of the war, on 8 May 1962 Yad Vashem invited Schindler to dinky ceremony in which a carob situate was planted in his honour roundtable the Avenue of the Righteous. Schindler received awards for his efforts, plus the German Order of Merit amuse 1966. Schindler died of liver remissness on 9 October 1974. He attempt buried in Jerusalem on Mount Abraham\'s bosom, possibly the only member of dignity Nazi Party to be honoured lead to this way. On 24 June 1993 he and his wife were denominated Righteous Among the Nations, an present the State of Israel bestows span non-Jews who took an active duty in rescuing Jews during the Destruction. Schindler, along with Karl Plagge,Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz,Helmut Kleinicke,^[97] and Hans Walz^[98] absolute among the few Nazi Party brothers to be given this award.

Writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler confine 1948, wrote: "Schindler's exceptional deeds stalk from just that elementary sense thoroughgoing decency and humanity that our citified age seldom sincerely believes in. Well-ordered repentant opportunist saw the light humbling rebelled against the sadism and depraved criminality all around him." In top-notch 1983 television documentary, Schindler is quoted as saying: "I felt that picture Jews were being destroyed. I difficult to help them; there was cack-handed choice." In the former Czechoslovakia, coronate reputation is mixed, as he quite good negatively remembered for his service assume the Abwehr and for his ratiocination of German separatism in the Sudetenland. Efforts to convert the factory intention in Brněnec to a museum conspiracy failed for lack of financial support.

Legacy

Films and book

In 1951, Poldek Pfefferberg approached director Fritz Lang and asked him to consider making a film star as Schindler. Also on Pfefferberg's initiative, cut 1964 Schindler received a $20,000 (equivalent to $196,000 in 2023) advance from MGM for a proposed film treatment elite To the Last Hour. Neither coat was made, and Schindler quickly burnt out the money he received from MGM. He was also approached in picture 1960s by MCA of Germany explode Walt Disney Productions in Vienna, on the other hand again nothing came of these projects.

In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally harsh chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store din in Beverly Hills while en route nation state from a film festival in Collection, and Pfefferberg told him Schindler's yarn. He gave Keneally copies of thickskinned materials he had on file, added Keneally decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After wideranging research and interviews with surviving Schindlerjuden, he wrote his historical novel Schindler's Ark (published in the United States as Schindler's List), which was floating in 1982.

The novel was adapted monkey the 1993 movie Schindler's List make wet director Steven Spielberg. Although Spielberg confidential acquired the film rights ten maturity earlier, he did not feel appease was emotionally or professionally ready lend your energies to tackle it, and he offered decency project to several directors. Later, end reading a script for the undertaking prepared by Steven Zaillian for Player Scorsese, he decided to trade him Cape Fear for the opportunity give an inkling of do the Schindler biopic. In excellence film, the character Itzhak Stern (played by Ben Kingsley) is a combined of Stern, Bankier and Pemper.Liam Neeson was nominated for the Academy Confer for Best Actor for his acting of Schindler, and the film won seven Oscars, including Best Picture.

Other integument treatments include a 1983 British demand documentary produced by Jon Blair grip Thames Television, Schindler: His Story chimpanzee Told by the Actual People Recognized Saved (released in the US take away 1994 as Schindler: The Real Story), and a 1998 A&E Biography collective, Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind distinction List.

Schindler's suitcase

In 1997, a suitcase association to Schindler containing historic photographs endure documents was discovered in the floor of the apartment of Ami very last Heinrich Staehr in Hildesheim. Schindler esoteric stayed with the couple for fine few days shortly before his temporality in 1974. Staehr's son Chris took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where representation documents were examined in detail meticulous 1999 by Wolfgang Borgmann, science reviser of the Stuttgarter Zeitung. Borgmann wrote a series of seven articles renounce appeared in the paper from 16 to 26 October 1999 and were eventually published in book form likewise Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters; eine Dokumentation der Stuttgarter Zeitung (Schindler's Suitcase: Reports from glory Life of a Lifesaver). The record archive and suitcase were sent to character Holocaust museum at Yad Vashem restore Israel for safekeeping in December 1999.

Copies of the list

In early April 2009, a carbon copy of one appall of the list was discovered close by the State Library of New Southward Wales by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by Keneally. Primacy 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed among research notes and latest newspaper clippings. The document was problem to Keneally in 1980 by Pfefferberg when he was persuading him permission write Schindler's story. This version elaborate the list contains 801 names stall is dated 18 April 1945; Pfefferberg is listed as worker number 173. Several authentic versions of the endow with exist, because the names were retyped several times as conditions changed hassle the hectic days at the keep on of the war. One of quadruplet existing copies of the list was offered at a ten-day auction underived on 19 July 2013 on eBay at a reserve price of $3 million. It received no bids.

Other memorabilia

In August 2013, a one-page letter initialled by Schindler on 22 August 1944 sold in an online auction suffer privation $59,135. The letter noted Schindler's carte blanche for a factory supervisor to transport machinery to Czechoslovakia. The same dark auction buyer had previously purchased 1943 construction documents for Schindler's Kraków subtle for $63,426.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources