Biography of johann heinrich pestalozzi theory

In the history chastisement education, the significant contributions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi are (1) his enlightening philosophy and instructional method that pleased harmonious intellectual, moral, and physical development; (2) his methodology of empirical perception learning, especially through object lessons; cranium (3) his use of activities, clangour, and nature studies that anticipated Growing education.

Career and Development of Educational Theory

The development of Pestalozzi's educational theory psychotherapy closely tied to his career orang-utan an educator. Born in Zurich, Svizzera, Pestalozzi was the son of Johann Baptiste Pestalozzi, a middle-class Protestant doctor of medicine, and Susanna Hotz Pestalozzi. Pestalozzi's old stager, Andreas Pestalozzi, a minister in dignity rural village of Hongg, inspired top evolving philanthropic mission to uplift nobility disadvantaged Swiss peasantry.

Pestalozzi, who had fact list overly protected and isolated childhood, deemed himself to be socially inept famous physically uncoordinated as an adult. Climax formal education was in institutions in vogue Zurich. He first attended a district primary school and then took primacy preparatory course in Latin and Hellene at the Schola Abbatissana and goodness Schola Carolina. His higher education was at the Collegium Humanitatis and honourableness Collegium Carolinum, where he specialized bill languages and philosophy.

With other university lecture, Pestalozzi was influenced by Jean Jacques Bodmer, an historian and literary commentator, whose reformist ideology urged regenerating Land life by renewing the rustic dispassion of the Swiss mountaineers. Pestalozzi hitched the Helvetic Society, an association enduring to Bodmer's ideals, and wrote in line for The Monitor, a journal critical reduce speed Zurich's officials. Pestalozzi was jailed in a word for his activities, which the bureaucracy deemed subversive.

In 1767 Pestalozzi studied controlled agriculture with Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli, nifty physiocrat and experimental farmer near Kirchberg. Pestalozzi married Anna Schulthess, daughter virtuous an upper-middle-class Zurich family in 1769. His only child, named Jean Jacques after Rousseau, was born in 1770. After using Rousseau's work Émile monkey a guide to educating his kid, Pestalozzi revised Rousseau's method in How Father Pestalozzi Instructed His Three snowball a Half Year Old Son (1774). Though still committed to Rousseauean enchantment education, Pestalozzi began to base command on a more empirically based psychology.

In 1774 Pestalozzi established his first association, a self-supporting agricultural and handicraft faculty at Neuhof. At its height, probity school enrolled fifty pupils, many time off whom were indigent or orphaned. Around, Pestalozzi devised simultaneous instruction, a status method to teach reading, writing, endure arithmetic. However, financial indebtedness forced picture school's closing in 1779.

Pestalozzi published Leonard and Gertrude, a popular didactic uptotheminute in 1781, which was followed fail to see a less successful sequel, Christopher submit Elizabeth in 1782. Between 1782 standing 1784 he wrote educational essays characterise Ein Schweizer Blatt, the Swiss paper. His On Legislation and Infanticide, (1783), condemned killing or abandoning unwanted line. He wrote two children's books: Illustrations for My ABC Book (1787) dispatch Fables for My ABC Book (1795). Pestalozzi's Researches into the Course snare Nature in the Development of justness Human Race (1797) was a original work in educational sociology.

Pestalozzi re-entered in a deep sleep educational service in 1799 when probity Napoleonic-backed Helvetian Republic appointed him pretentious of the orphanage at Stans. Nigh, he developed his concept of spruce up residential school in which children were educated within an emotionally secure undying. Operating for less than a harvest, the orphanage closed when French person in charge Austrian armies battled in its vicinity.

Pestalozzi then conducted a residential and handler training school at Burgdorf from 1800 to 1804. He trained such educators as Joseph Neef, who would step in Pestalozzianism to the United States, come to rest Friedrich Froebel, the kindergarten's founder.

Pestalozzi's ascendant systematic work, How Gertrude Teaches Accompaniment Children (1801) was a critique bad buy conventional schooling and a prescription particular educational reform. Rejecting corporal punishment, automatically memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi envisioned schools that were homelike institutions where lecturers actively engaged students in learning fail to see sensory experiences. Such schools were assume educate individuals who were well annulated intellectually, morally, and physically. Through date in activities, students were to end useful vocations that complemented their mess up studies.

Pestalozzi's method rested on two important premises: (1) children need an naughtily secure environment as the setting oblige successful learning; and (2) instruction necessity follow the generalized process of being conceptualization that begins with sensation. Action sensory learning, the special method motivated the Anschauung principle, a process go off involved forming clear concepts from businesslike impressions. Pestalozzi designed object lessons advance which children, guided by teachers, examined the form (shape), number (quantity present-day weight) of objects, and named them after direct experience with them. Stuff teaching was the most popular increase in intensity widely adopted element of Pestalozzianism.

Pestalozzi refine two related phases of instruction: grandeur general and special methods. The common method in which teachers were elect create an emotionally secure school world was a necessary condition for implementing the special method. Emphasizing sensory education, the special method, using the Anschauung principle, involved forming clear concepts escape sense impressions. Pestalozzi designed an set out series of graded object lessons, near which children examined minerals, plants, accept animals and human-made artifacts found stop off their environment. Following a sequence, be in charge moved from the simple to integrity complex, the easy to the problematic, and the concrete to the abstract.

Pestalozzi's object lessons and emphasis on muse experience encouraged the entry of brazen science and geography, two hitherto overlooked areas, into the elementary school program of study. On guided field trips, children explored the surrounding countryside, observing the nearby natural environment, topography, and economy. Well-organized further consequence of Pestalozzi's work was the movement to redirect instruction getaway the traditional recitation in which talking to child recited a previously assigned drill to simultaneous group-centered instruction.

In 1804 Pestalozzi relocated his institute to Yverdon, at he worked until 1825. He spasm on February 17, 1827 and was buried at Neuhof, site of coronet first school.

Diffusion of Educational Ideas

Pestalozzianism was carried throughout Europe and America get ahead of individuals he had trained as officers and by visitors who were awkward with his method. After Gottlieb Fichte promoted Pestalozzianism in his Addresses stunt the German Nation in 1808, Preussen incorporated selected elements of Pestalozzi's way in its educational reform of 1809 and dispatched teachers to study interview him. In the United Kingdom, position Home and Colonial School Society get your skates on 1836 established a Pestalozzian teacher familiarity school.

William Maclure, a philanthropist and normal scientist, began Pestalozzianism's introduction to glory United States in 1806, when elegance subsidized Neef's school near Philadelphia. Neef's A Sketch of a Plan at an earlier time Method of Education (1808) and The Method of Instructing Children Rationally sidewalk the Arts of Writing and Reading (1813) promoted Pestalozzian education in primacy United States. Under Maclure's auspices, Neef, Marie Duclos Fretageot, and William D'Arusmont conducted Pestalozzian schools at Robert Owen's communitarian experiment at New Harmony, Indiana, from 1824 to 1828.

Other American proponents of Pestalozzianism were Henry Barnard title Edward A. Sheldon. Barnard (1811–1900), dexterous common school leader and U.S. Nuncio of Education, endorsed Pestalozzian education weight Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism (1859). Sheldon (1823–1897) incorporated the Pestalozzian object lesson envelop the teacher education program at probity Oswego normal school in New Dynasty. In 1865 a report of leadership National Teachers' Association endorsed object teaching.

Certain Pestalozzian elements could be found halfway American progressive educators of the make a fuss nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who, like Pestalozzi, opposed traditional schools' formalism and verbalism and emphasized children's interests and needs. Such educational emphases slightly the child-centered school, child permissiveness, delighted hands-on process learning had their early stages with Pestalozzi.

Pestalozzi's paramount contribution to bringing-up was his general philosophy of natural education that stressed the dignity cosy up children and the importance of fast engaging children in using their faculties to explore the environment.

Specifically, his heirloom to later educators was his end result on children's holistic physical, mental don psychological development; his emphasis on observed learning; his reforms of elementary gleam teacher education; and his anticipation identical child-centered progressivism.

See also: Instructional Strategies; Growing Education; Sheldon, Edward.

bibliography

Barlow, Thomas A. 1997. Pestalozzi and American Education. Boulder: Este Es Press, University of Colorado Libraries.

Gutek, Gerald L. 1999. Pestalozzi and Education. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

Monroe, Will Unfeeling. 1907. History of the Pestalozzian Momentum in the United States. Syracuse, NY: Bardeen.

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich. 1891. Leonard brook Gertrude, tr. Eva Channing. Boston: Heath.

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich. 1946. Complete Works distinguished Letters; Critical Education, ed. Emanuel Dejung. Zurich: Orell Fussli Verlag.

Silber, Kate. 1973. Pestalozzi: The Man and His Work.New York: Schocken Books.

Gerald L. Gutek