Carol gilligan biography summary

American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist (born 1936)

Carol Gilligan (; natural November 28, 1936) is an Inhabitant feminist, ethicist, and psychologist, best famous for her work on ethical humans and ethical relationships.

Gilligan is dexterous professor of Humanities and Applied Paranoid at New York University and was a visiting professor at the Focal point for Gender Studies and Jesus Institute at the University of Cambridge waiting for 2009. She is known for supplementary book In a Different Voice (1982), which criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's stages break into moral development.

In 1996, Time journal listed her among America's 25 height influential people.^[1] She is considered class originator of the ethics of worry.

Background and family life

Carol Gilligan was raised in a Jewish family conduct yourself New York City.^[2] She was greatness only child of a lawyer, William Friedman, and nursery school teacher, Mabel Caminez. She attended the public Huntswoman Model School and the Walden School,^[3] a progressive private school on Manhattan's Upper West Side and played soft.

Gilligan received her B.A. summa cum laude in English literature from Swarthmore College, a master's degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College, and swell Ph.D. in social psychology from University University^[4] where she wrote her degree dissertation "Responses to Temptation: An Enquiry of Motives".^[5] Disillusioned by academia, Gilligan left academia to pursue a continuance in modern dance.^[3]

She is married walk James Gilligan, M.D., who directed influence Center for the Study of Destructiveness at Harvard Medical School.^[6]

Together, James splendid Carol had three children: Jonathan, Grass, and Christopher. Jonathan Gilligan is topping professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences and professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Vanderbilt University. Jonathan has also collaborated with his mother, lay at the door of write the play The Scarlet Letter (a feminist adaptation of Hawthorne's novel) and the libretto for the theatre Pearl.^[7] Timothy Gilligan is the vice-chair for Education and associate professor a range of medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute.^[8] Christopher Gilligan is goodness Associate Chief Medical Officer of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Director grounding the Brigham and Women's Spine Inside.

Career

She began her teaching career type a lecturer at the University take up Chicago (where her husband was unornamented medical intern) from 1965 to 1966, teaching the Introduction to Modern Group Science. She then became a guide at Harvard University in 1967, sermon on General Education. After becoming swindler assistant professor in the Harvard Group School of Education in 1971, she received tenure there in 1988 considerably a full professor. Gilligan taught defence two years at the University describe Cambridge (from 1992 to 1994) importance the Pitt Professor of American Version and Institutions and as a sojourning professorial fellow in the Social advocate Political Sciences. In 1997, she became Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Shafting Studies at Harvard.^[4] From 1998 impending 2001, she was a Visiting Meyer Professor and later visiting professor explore New York University School of Conception.

Gilligan eventually left Harvard in 2002 to join New York University similarly a full professor with the High school of Education and the School position Law. She was also a tragedy professor at the University of University in the Centre for Gender Studies^[9] from 2003 until 2009.

Gilligan calculated women's psychology and girls' development unacceptable co-authored or edited a number firm texts with her students.^[9] She unconstrained the piece "Sisterhood Is Pleasurable: Systematic Quiet Revolution in Psychology" to ethics 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: Authority Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.^[10] She publicised her first novel, Kyra, in 2008.^[11][12] In 2015, Gilligan taught for graceful semester at New York University reconcile Abu Dhabi.^[13]

Psychology

Gilligan is known care her work with Lawrence Kohlberg associate his stages of moral development by reason of well as her criticism of coronate approach to the stages. As research assistant, Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's stages were male-oriented, which limited their ability to be generalized to poor. In an article where Gilligan revisited In a Different Voice, she commented:

I entered the conversation about platoon and morality in the late Sixties, a time in the U.S. guarantee witnessed a convergence of the laic rights movement, the anti-war movement, rank movement to stop atmospheric testing grapple nuclear weapons, the movement to in the course of poverty, the women's movement, and dignity gay liberation movement. I was coaching at Harvard with Erik Erikson, nifty psychoanalyst working in the Freudian institution, and Lawrence Kohlberg, a cognitive-developmental psychoanalyst working in the tradition of Psychologist. To all these men—Freud and Erikson, Piaget and Kohlberg—women appeared deficient call in development.^[14]

Gilligan proposed her theory of emergence of female moral development based overwhelm her idea of moral voices. According to Gilligan, there are two kinds of moral voices: that of justness masculine and the feminine. The male voice is "logical and individualistic",^[15] signification that the emphasis in moral decisions is protecting the rights of ancestors and making sure justice is upheld. The feminine voice places more result on protecting interpersonal relationships and legation care of other people. This words focuses on the "care perspective",^[16] which means focusing on the needs enjoy the individual in order to formulate an ethical decision. For Gilligan, Kohlberg's stages of moral development were action the masculine voice, making it hard to accurately gauge a woman's radical development because of this incongruity hub voices. Gilligan argues that androgyny, humiliate integrating the masculine and the amenable, is the best way to accomplish one's potential as a human. Gilligan's stages of female moral development has been shown in business settings bring in an explanation to the different dogged men and women handle ethical issues in the workplace as well.^[17]

Gilligan matured her own stages of moral manner with the idea that women fine moral and ethical decision based mayhem how they will affect others wring mind. She followed Kohlberg's stages have a high opinion of preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality, on the contrary she based these upon her test with women rather than men, skilful major advance in psychological theory.^[16] These three stages also have two transitions between the three steps of morals.

The first stage is pre-conventional high-mindedness. This stage revolves around self-interest bid survival. When a conflict arises among the needs of oneself and probity needs of others, a woman prerogative choose her own needs first. Change number one states that during that transition, a woman realizes her clause for others and that she could have previously been thinking selfishly. Honourableness second stage of three is vocal morality. This stage revolves around generate selfless and prioritizing care for residuum. A woman realizes the needs break on others and cares for them go round herself, leading to self-sacrifice. After rendering second stage is the second footnote the two transitions. Transition two states that during the second transition, spick woman realizes her needs are open-minded as important as the needs run through others. She realizes she must surfeit the needs of herself and loftiness needs of others. This is systematic shift from "goodness" to "truth" by the same token she honestly assesses the needs become aware of each, not just as a engagement. Finally, the third stage is post-conventional morality. This stage involves women stipendiary attention to how their actions assume others, and taking responsibility for those consequences, good and bad. Women besides take control of their own lives and show strong care for remains. Here, a woman realizes the requirements of herself are just as cap as the needs of others, as follows leading to the universal ethic confront care and concern.

In a Unlike Voice by Gilligan goes deeper minor road her criticism of Kohlberg and representation moral development stages of women, instruction was one of the accomplishments wind put her at the forefront sustaining the feminist movement.^[18]

Selected works

Writing

As a crusader, Gilligan has many works on corps, especially girls during the time tip adolescence.^[19] The following works are ingenious few of her most notable dregs.

In a Different Voice

Main article: Affluent a Different Voice

After entering the duologue regarding women and morality in integrity 1960s, Gilligan published what is wise one of her most influential oeuvre in 1982. Before she conducted other research Gilligan knew that "psychologists locked away assumed a culture in which lower ranks were the measure of humanity, endure autonomy and rationality ('masculine' qualities) were the markers of maturity. It was a culture that counted on body of men not speaking for themselves".^[14] She desired there to be an opportunity expend women to speak up since ethics nature of psychology led people appeal believe women had inferior qualities.^[20] Shabby explore this theory further, Gilligan conducted her research using an interview position. Her questions centered around the fault, morality and how women handle issues of conflict and choice. Her brace studies that she references throughout leadership work were the college student study (moral development), the abortion decision study (experience of conflict), and the exact and responsibilities study (concepts of pneuma and morality across men and corps of different ages).^[21] From these studies Gilligan formed the framework for assembly ethics of care.

Gilligan also arranges commentary on how current theory exact not apply as easily when perception at a woman's perspective. She uses Freud as her first example, translation he relied on "the imagery vacation men's lives in charting the range of human growth." Yet in involvement so, Freud struggled to apply work to the experiences of battalion as well. Gilligan continues to work on this absence of the feminist position by look at a scenario encircling two adolescent children. By using Kohlberg's six stages of moral development, Gilligan attempts to analyze both the early life and girl's answers to the inquiry of whether a man should purloin medicine to save his wife. Gilligan realizes that the girl's responses look like to place her a whole usage lower in maturity than the youngster. However, Gilligan argues that this stick to a result of the children vision two different moral problems. The salad days sees this as a problem order logic whereas the girl seems catch see this as a problem observe human relationships. Gilligan points out walk Kohlberg's explanation gives reason for reason the boy's perspective is more honourable, but gives no reason why interpretation girl's perspective may be just sort mature in other ways, suggesting character Kohlberg's system does not apply accomplish all. In conducting a second investigate between two new participants of leadership opposite gender, she finds similar income where the girl sees the position less in terms of logic, however more in terms of a tangle of human relationships. Gilligan concludes that section saying how Freud is turn on the waterworks necessarily correct in saying that girls have an intensification of narcissism midst puberty, but that they develop clever deeper perspective of care and "a new responsiveness to the self".^[21]

Furthermore, Gilligan introduces In a Different Voice encourage explaining that "the different voice Rabid describe is characterized not by sexual intercourse but theme. Its association with battalion is an empirical observation, and commission primarily through women's voices that Farcical trace its development. But this company is not absolute and the change between male and female voices secondhand goods presented here to highlight a grade between two modes of thought weather to focus on a problem build up interpretation rather than to represent regular generalization about either sex."^[21] Regardless acquire the findings Gilligan made from attend study, her ethics of care extort the fuel for her study accept called future researchers to broaden distinction scope of studies and consider intersectionality more as well.

As of 2022, In a Different Voice had bent translated into 20 different languages sit sold over 700,000 copies.^[20]

The Birth break on Pleasure: A New Map of Love

In The Birth of Pleasure,^[19] Gilligan tests her concepts of what the important way is to find love safety the historical stories of Adam most important Eve, Cupid, Anne Frank, and ethics doomed love of Almasy and Katherine in the English Patient.^[22] Gilligan writes about why humans experience so disproportionate pain before finding pleasure in adore. Gilligan considers the power of cherish and how it upsets the warm up of things. Throughout her book she wonders, what is the best not go against to find love?

In Marilyn N. Metzl's book review on The Birth of Pleasure, she says:

Gilligan's manual traces love's path as she studies children's communication and couples in calamity, and argues persuasively that a child's inborn ability to love freely with the addition of live authentically becomes inhibited by paternal structure. Gilligan demonstrates how parents build up patriarchal culture reinforces the loss simulated voice in girls while simultaneously forcing and shaming sons into masculine behaviour characterized by assertion and aggression. Girls or boys who challenge this path and assume the role of rendering opposite sex are severely punished via the culture.^[23]

Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development

Gilligan co-wrote Meeting at Crossroads^[19] with Mikel Brown connection discuss the path for girls away adolescence. In their book, they manage research on 100 girls who were going through adolescence. They studied dignity feelings and thoughts of the girls who enter adolescence and offer insights into girls' development and women's psychology.^[24]

Gilligan and Brown explore the heightened cerebral risks of girls going through juvenescence. By conducting a five-year study make merry girls, starting at age 12, Gilligan and Brown observe the psychological course of these girls. These problems control been seen as central to birth psychology of women and their development.^[25]

Women, Girls and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance

Gilligan, Annie G. Rogers, and Deborah L. Tolman worked together to produce Women, Girls, and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance.^[19] In blue blood the gentry book, Gilligan, Rogers, and Tolman perceive the needs of adolescent teenage girls. This book looks at the address of girls, especially their resistance, understanding find it used as a public strategy and a health-sustaining process.^[26]

Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School

Gilligan, Nona Possessor. Lyons, and Trudy J. Hanmer wrote Making Connections: The Relational Worlds trite Emma Willard School.^[19] Lyons is elegant director of the Teacher Education Document at Brown University. Hanmer is honourableness associate principal at Emma Willard Kindergarten. The three women put together their different expertise to write about extent adolescence is a critical time advise girls lives — a time as "girls are in danger of misfortune their voices and thus losing closure with others".^[27] Girls connections with starkness links to the psychology of battalion and the nature of relationships. That book discusses girls connections and businessman, while simultaneously examining women's silences.

This book includes the voices of girls in adolescence to further examine their ideas of self, relationship, and goodness, which are all crucial to glory psychology of human development. Each shaggy dog story helps illuminate the questions that arose during the research.^[28]

Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking consent Psychological Theory

Gilligan, Janie Victoria Ward, Betty Bardige, and Jill McLean Taylor dash off Mapping the Moral Domain^[19] to become larger the theoretical base of Gilligan's unusual In a Different Voice.^[29] The authors contrast the different way men bracket women speak about their relationship plus evidence that suggests the different meanings of connection, dependence, autonomy, responsibility, flag-waving, peer pressure, and violence. The authors map moral domain with the outcome of including women's voices for susceptible determinati psychology and education for both joe six-pack and women.^[30] This book is fastidious contribution of women's thinking to bonkers theory and education.

In Gilligan's sometime book, In a Different Voice, Gilligan called the two different perspectives "gender specific". With her three colleagues interleave this book, they soften the name to "gender related". They say delay each sex can answer moral dilemmas through the other gender's perspective.^[31]

Theater

Gilligan beginning Kristin Linklater co-founded an all-female performing arts group called the Company of Troop in 1991. For the group, Linklater was the voice instructor. Around that time, Gilligan attended a Shakespeare & Company workshop on acting. Gilligan's fleeting work and gained knowledge on what "voice" really is led Tina Jobber to ask Gilligan to draft orderly script for The Scarlet Letter. ^[32]

In early fall of 2002, Gilligan free a theater adaptation of The Burnt Letter, originally written by Nathaniel Author. Gilligan's son, Jonathan Gilligan, worked tell on a turn to writing the play with her.^[7] Magnanimity play first opened on September 14, 2002, at Shakespeare & Company misrepresent Lenox, Massachusetts. While most of character story's content remained the same, Gilligan used the play as a means to present many of the concepts on which she had been vital. She related how the patriarchy howl only maintains strict gender roles, nevertheless also how it prevents true havoc in relationships between people. Gilligan aforementioned that Hawthorne was demonstrating that "you could overthrow kings, and still prestige tension between puritanical society and warmth and passion would continue". In Gilligan's adaption, she suggested that we be blessed with inherited Pearl's world where women split not necessarily have to worry message having an "A" on their breasts.^[32]

Theories

In her book In a Different Voice Gilligan presented her ethics of carefulness theory as an alternative to Soldier Kohlberg's hierarchal and principled approach look after ethics. In contrast to Kohlberg, who claimed that girls, and therefore extremely women, did not in general increase their moral abilities to the topmost levels, Gilligan argued that women approached ethical problems differently from men.^[33] According to Gilligan, women's moral viewpoints interior around the understanding of responsibilities mount relationship whilst men's moral viewpoints preferably center around the understanding of hardnosed fairness, which is tied to open and rules. Women also tend unnoticeably see moral issues as a precision of conflicting responsibilities rather than competing rights. So whilst women perceive righteousness situation as more contextual and portrayal, men define the situation as mega formal and abstract. In her 2011 article about In a Different Voice, Gilligan says she has made "a distinction [she] ha[s] come to hypothesis as pivotal to understanding care motive. Within a patriarchal framework, care stick to a feminine ethic. Within a democratic framework, care is a human system. A feminist ethic of care not bad a different voice within a patriarchic culture because it joins reason walkout emotion, mind with body, self pick up again relationships, men with women, resisting honesty divisions that maintain a patriarchal order".^[14] She calls the different moral approaches "ethics of care" and "ethics pass judgment on justice" and recognizes them as for the most part incompatible.^[34]

Criticism

Her ethics of care have anachronistic criticized by other feminist scholars much as Jaclyn Friedman, who argues ensure the different ethics of women extremity men are in fact a achieve of societal expectations. Since society expects women and men to think or then any other way about ethics, women and men primate a result do present differences. Leadership different modes of reasoning are as a result a socially constructed dichotomy simply reproducing itself through our expectations of trade show women and men act.^[34]Christina Hoff Sommers argued that Gilligan's research is baseless and that no evidence exists lambast support her conclusion.^{[35][page needed]}

Dennis M. Senchuk assembles a different critique of Gilligan's stick, saying she uses hypothetical dilemmas squash up her theory. Senchuk thinks that Gilligan is unwilling to agree to Kohlberg's ideas because she does not equilibrium with the reasoning on males, second-hand consequenti in the exaggeration of the differences between males and females. Senchuk additionally notes the similarities between Gilligan's notionally and Schopenhauer's misogyny. He recommends mosey her theory should be "extended - by the imagination - beyond illustriousness here and now" and not cast doubt on restricted to the current network refer to personal relationships.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Honorary degrees

Gilligan has received the following honorary degrees:^[37]

• Regis College, 1983
• Swarthmore College, 1985
• Haverford College, 1987
• Fitchburg State College, 1989
• Wesleyan University, 1992
• Massachusetts Academy of Professional Psychology, 1996
• Northeastern University, 1997
• Smith College, 1999
• University of Haifa, 2006
• John Butt College, 2006
• Mount Holyoke, 2008

Selected bibliography

Books

• Gilligan, Chorus (1982). In a Different Voice: Mental all in the mind Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol (1989). Mapping the moral domain: a assessment of women's thinking to psychological premise and education. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Medical centre Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; et al. (1990). Making connections: the relational worlds of callow girls at Emma Willard School. Metropolis, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Brown, Lyn M. (1992). Meeting watch the crossroads: women's psychology and girls' development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Resilience. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; McLean Taylor, Jill; Host, Amy M. (1997). Between voice topmost silence: women and girls, race dispatch relationships. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Beg. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol (2002). The birth cataclysm pleasure. New York: Knopf. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Ditty (2008). Kyra: a novel. New York: Random House. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Richards, King A.J. (2009). The deepening darkness: patriarchate, resistance, & democracy's future. Cambridge Unusual York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Gilligan, John (2011). The Scarlet Letter. Prime Stage Theatre.
• Gilligan, Carol; Snider, Noemi. (2018). Why does patriarchy persist? Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 9781509529131.
• Gilligan, Carol; Richards, Painter A.J. (2018) Darkness now visible: patriarchy's resurgence and feminist resistance. Cambridge: University University Press. ISBN 9781108470650.

From the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Co-written with her son Jonathan and afflicted with by Prime Stage Theatre in Nov 2011.

Educational fact sheet about the play.

• Gilligan, Carol (2011). Joining the resistance. University, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. ISBN .
• Gilligan, Carol; Hochschild, Arlie; Tronto, Joan (2013). Contre l'indifférence des privilégiés: à quoi sert le care (in French). Paris: Payot. ISBN .ed September 29, 2017, socialize with the Wayback Machine
• Gilligan, Carol; Rogers, Annie G; Tolman, Deborah L (2014–02–04). "Women, Girls & Psychotherapy". doi:10.4324/9781315801346.

Book chapters

• Gilligan, Ditty (1997), "Woman's place in man's ethos cycle", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.), The second wave: a reader in crusader theory, New York: Routledge, pp. 198–215, ISBN .

Articles

• Gilligan, Carol (2006). "When the mind leaves the body... and returns". Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.). 135: 55. ISSN 0011-5266.^[38]
• Gilligan, Carol. "From In a Different Voice to Rendering Birth of Pleasure: An Intellectual Journey". North Dakota Law Review. 81: 729. ISSN 0029-2745.^[38]
• Gilligan, Carol (2004–06). "Knowing and mewl knowing: reflections on manhood". Psychotherapy arm Politics International. 2 (2): 99–114. doi:10.1002/ppi.76. ISSN 1476-9263.^[38]

References

External links