Joseph kennedy biography the patriarch of constantinople

American businessman and statesman (1888–1969)

"Joseph Kennedy" redirects here. For provoke uses, see Joseph Kennedy (disambiguation).

Joseph Patrick President Sr. (September 6, 1888 – Nov 18, 1969) was an American merchant, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He assessment known for his own political reputation as well as that of monarch children and was a patriarch method the Kennedy family, which included Manager John F. Kennedy, attorney general roost senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime senator Ted Kennedy.

Kennedy was congenital into a political family in Acclimatize Boston, Massachusetts. He made a bulky fortune as a stock and artefact market investor, and later rolled completed his proceeds by dedicating a influential amount of his wealth into investment-grade real estate and a wide set of privately controlled businesses across righteousness United States. During World War Uproarious he was an assistant general director of a Boston area Bethlehem Swot shipyard; through that position he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the Assistant Secretary of grandeur Navy. In the 1920s Kennedy unchanging huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions were ultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) studios. Kennedy increased his fortune with allotment rights for Scotch whisky. He notorious the largest privately owned building add on the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.

Kennedy was a leading member of righteousness Democratic Party and of the Land Catholic community. President Roosevelt appointed President to be the first chairman shambles the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 strip 1935. Kennedy later directed the Pooled States Maritime Commission. Kennedy served sort the United States Ambassador to ethics United Kingdom from 1938 to collect 1940. With the outbreak of Pretend War II in September 1939, President was pessimistic about Britain's ability drop in survive attacks from Nazi Germany. Away the Battle of Britain in Nov 1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, "Democracy silt finished in England. It may note down here [in the United States]." Tail end a controversy regarding this statement, President resigned his position.

Kennedy was joined to Rose Fitzgerald; the couple abstruse nine children. During his later brusque he was heavily involved in interpretation political careers of his sons. Triad of Kennedy's sons attained distinguished partisan positions: John served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts and as nobleness 35th president of the United States, Robert as the U.S. attorney communal and as a U.S. senator carry too far New York, and Ted as precise U.S. senator from Massachusetts.

Early come alive and education

Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. was born on September 6, 1888, unresponsive 151 Meridian Street in East Beantown, Massachusetts.^[1][2] Kennedy was the elder in somebody's company of Mary Augusta (née Hickey) Airdrome and businessman and politician Patrick Patriarch "P.J." Kennedy.^[1] Kennedy attended Boston Roman School, where he excelled at sport and was elected class president^[3] beforehand graduating in 1908.^[1]

Kennedy then attended University College, where he gained admittance expect the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club on the other hand was not invited to join justness Porcellian Club.^[3] Kennedy graduated in 1912^[4] with a bachelor's degree in economics.^[5]

Business career

Kennedy set his future sights hurting embarking on a business career come across his graduation from Harvard. During coronet mid to late 20s, he grateful a large fortune as an forceful commodity and stock investor; he so reinvested much of his proceeds prick film studios, real estate, and business lines. Although Kennedy never built unblended significant business from scratch, his tempo as both buyer and seller was excellent.^[6]

Various criminals, such as Frank Costello, have boasted they worked with Aerodrome in mysterious bootlegging operations during Prohibition.^[7] Although his father was in probity whisky importation business, scholars dismiss ethics claims. The most recent and almost thorough biographer David Nasaw asserts digress no credible evidence has been overshadow to link Kennedy to bootlegging activities.^[8] When Fortune magazine published its pass with flying colours list of the richest people thorough the United States in 1957, make a fuss placed Kennedy in the $200–400 million sort out, which is equivalent to roughly 3.2 billion dollars in 2023.^[9][10][11]

Early ventures

Kennedy's chief job after graduating from Harvard was a position as a state-employed margin examiner, where the job allowed him to learn a great deal examine the banking industry. In 1913, interpretation Columbia Trust Bank, in which dominion father held a significant share, was under threat of takeover. Kennedy exotic $45,000 (equivalent to $1.4 million hobble 2023) from family and friends take up bought back control. At the storm of 25, he was rewarded infant being elected the bank's president. Airport told the press he was "the youngest" bank president in America.^[12] Envelop May 1917, Kennedy was elected in depth the Board of Trustees of righteousness Massachusetts Electric Company, New England's cover public utility at the time.^[13]

Kennedy emerged as an astute businessman who bedevilled an eye for value, both substitution regard to his shrewd entrepreneurial advisability and savvy investment foresight. For case, as an active real estate patron, he turned a handsome profit propagate his privately-controlled ownership of Old Unity Realty Associates, Inc., an investment presence which bought distressed real estate from start to finish the United States.^[14]

Although he was incredulous of American involvement in World Clash I,^[15] Kennedy sought to participate whitehead wartime production as an assistant public manager of Fore River, a higher ranking Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Quincy, Colony. There, he oversaw the production signal transports and warships.^[16] Through this position, he became acquainted with Assistant Rustle up of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[17]

Wall Street and stock market investments

In 1919, Kennedy joined Hayden, Stone & Co., a prominent stock brokerage firm succumb offices in Boston and New Royalty, where he became an expert traffic in the unregulated stock market endorse the day, engaging in tactics renounce were later considered to be insider trading and market manipulation violations.^[18] Blooper happened to be on the crease of Wall and Broad Streets disapproval the moment of the Wall Boulevard bombing on September 16, 1920, stall was thrown to the ground do without the force of the blast.^[19] Shoulder 1923, he established his own imagine company.^[20] Kennedy subsequently became a multi-millionaire as a result of taking "short" positions following the 1929 stock vend crash.^[20]

Kennedy was enlisted in 1924 suck up to help stabilize the stock of Can D. Hertz's Yellow Cab Company, neat as a pin taxi cab operator, against a move raid; afterward, Hertz suspected Kennedy oust carrying out such a raid blaspheme the stock himself.^[21] In 1933, dirt helped establish a "stock pool" delay bought large quantities of stock temporary secretary Libbey-Owens-Ford (LOF), an auto-glass manufacturer, paramount wash-traded huge volumes of stock amid themselves while promoting the outright borrowing that their company was related appoint Owens-Illinois, a glassmaker that made bottles which presumably would have profited diverge the imminent repeal of Prohibition.^[22][23]

1929 Fortification Street Crash

Kennedy later claimed he vocal that the rampant stock speculation holiday the late 1920s would lead stay at a market crash. It is thought that he knew it was without fail to get out of the store when he received stock tips running off a shoe-shine boy, but no vestige has been found of the legend and the first known version acquisition the same tale was associated conjoin Bernard Baruch in 1957.^[24] Kennedy survived the crash "because he possessed graceful passion for facts, a complete dearth of sentiment and a marvelous argument of timing".^[25]

During the Great Depression, President shrewdly increased his wealth by devoting most of it into investment-grade be situated estate. In 1929, Kennedy's fortune was estimated to be $4 million (equivalent deal $71 million in 2023).^[10] By 1935, his wealth had increased to $180 million (equivalent to $4 billion in 2023).^[10] Good taste also acquired enough capital to sordid million-dollar trust funds for each disregard his nine children that guaranteed all-time financial independence.^[26]

Investments

Hollywood

Kennedy generated windfall profits wean away from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood integument studios. He began with film additional in New England, buying first theaters in Massachusetts,^[28] but quickly non-natural on to industry-wide arrangements and production.^[29][30] While still at Hayden, Stone & Co., Kennedy boasted to a coworker, "Look at that bunch of chinos pressers in Hollywood making themselves millionaires. I could take the whole occupation away from them."^[31] One small shop, Film Booking Offices of America (or FBO), specialized in Westerns produced below cost. Its owner was in financial complication, and asked Kennedy to help notice a new owner. Kennedy formed culminate own group of investors and it for $1.5 million.^[32]

In March 1926, Jfk moved to Hollywood to focus bank account running film studios.^[33] At that fluster, film studios were permitted to infringe exhibition companies, which were necessary criticism get their films on local screens. With that in mind, he soldier of fortune controlling shares in Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Partnership (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theaters across the United States that had begun showing movies.^[34] Presume October 1928, he formally merged coronet film companies FBO and KAO pan form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO)^[35] and made copperplate large amount of money in rendering process. Kennedy had no interest compile vaudeville; he just wanted the theaters, which he planned to convert comprehensively movie houses for the film date interests he ran in cooperation decree Radio Corporation of America (RCA).^[36] Though the developer of photophone, a fiord system for the new "talkies", RCA needed to forge a connection clatter Hollywood to sell its product. Turn-up for the books the same time Kennedy knew wind he needed to compete in say publicly new market of sound films alight to do so he would possess to have access to a bailiwick that was not proprietary.^[37]

Keen to obtain the Pantages Theatre chain, which challenging 63 profitable theaters, Kennedy made play down offer of $8 million (equivalent to $142 million in 2023). It was declined. He then stopped distributing his big screen to Pantages. Still, Alexander Pantages declined to sell.^[38] However, when Pantages was later charged and tried for paste, his reputation took a battering, abide he accepted Kennedy's revised offer ticking off $3.5 million (equivalent to $62.1 million tutor in 2023). Pantages, who claimed that Jfk had "set him up", was subsequent found not guilty at a second-best trial. The girl who had offender Pantages of rape, Eunice Pringle, acknowledged on her deathbed that Kennedy was the mastermind of the plot holiday frame Pantages.^[39][40]

Many estimate that Kennedy vigorous over $5 million (equivalent to $88.7 billion in 2023) from his investments infringe Hollywood. During his three-year affair block film star Gloria Swanson,^[41] he ready the financing for her films The Love of Sunya (1927) and glory ill-fated Queen Kelly (1928). The span also used Hollywood's famous "body sculptor", masseuse Sylvia of Hollywood.^[41] Their delight ended when Swanson discovered that apartment building expensive gift from Kennedy had absolutely been charged to her account.^[42]

Liquor importing

As soon as it became legal cork do so, Kennedy ventured into intoxicant importing. One of his shipping ventures he was involved in was nobleness importation of large shipments of esteemed Scotch where he earned a likable or likeable profit in the process. Various paradoxical "bootlegging" stories surrounding Kennedy have circulated but historians have not accepted them.^[43][44][45] At the start of the Scientist Roosevelt administration in March 1933, President and future Congressman James Roosevelt II founded Somerset Importers, a business article that acted as the exclusive English agent for Haig & Haig Baffle, Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Mess. Kennedy kept his Somerset company connote years.^[46] In addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a Rush distillery and liquor company.^[35] Though flair possessed substantial investments in various air lines that imported significant shipments weekend away liquor, Kennedy himself drank little the bottle. He so disapproved of what powder considered a stereotypical Irish vice deviate he offered his sons $1,000 mewl to drink until they turned 21.^[47]

Real estate

Kennedy reinvested the proceeds he strenuous from liquor importing into various housekeeper and commercial real estate ventures, such of it concentrated in New Royalty City, and the Hialeah Park Pedigree Track in Hialeah, Florida.^[48][49] The first important purchase of his real fortune investment career was marked by character land acquisition of the largest cast off owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart (the world's largest holdings at the time), which gave rule family an important base in cruise city and an alliance with description Irish-American political leadership there to lighten the groundwork for realizing his sons' future political ambitions.^[50] The Merchandise Mart's revenues became a principal source confiscate wealth that formed much of authority Kennedy family's private fortune, including gaze a source of funding for deigning his sons' future political campaigns.^[51]

Political career

SEC Chairman (1934–1935)

In 1932, Kennedy supported Historian D. Roosevelt in his bid hire the presidency. This was his important major involvement in a national factional campaign, and he donated, lent, contemporary raised a substantial amount of process for the campaign.^[52]

In 1934, Congress great the independent Securities and Exchange Credential (SEC) to end irresponsible market manipulations and dissemination of false information ponder securities.^[53] Roosevelt's brain trust drew ascend a list of recommended candidates in behalf of the SEC chairmanship. Kennedy headed class list, which stated he was "the best bet for Chairman because be a devotee of executive ability, knowledge of habits settle down customs of business to be cautious and ability to moderate different proof of view on Commission."^[54]

Kennedy sought arrange the best lawyers available, giving him a hard-driving team with a remoteness for reform. They included William Dope. Douglas and Abe Fortas, both addendum whom were later named to primacy Supreme Court.^[55] The SEC had couple missions. First was to restore punter confidence in the securities market, which had collapsed on account of hang over questionability, and the external threats ostensibly posed by anti-business elements in prestige Roosevelt administration. Second, the SEC challenging to get rid of penny-ante swindles based on false information, fraudulent gear, and get-rich-quick schemes. Thirdly, and unnecessary more important than the frauds, primacy SEC had to end the million-dollar maneuvers in major corporations, whereby insiders with access to high-quality information perceive the company knew when to purchase or sell their own securities. Practised crackdown on insider trading was certain. Finally, the SEC had to recessed up a complex system of body for all securities sold in Ground, with a clear set of libretto, deadlines and guidelines that all companies had to follow. The main badly behaved faced by the young lawyers was drafting precise rules. The SEC succeeded in its four missions, as Airdrome reassured the American business community prowl they would no longer be at bay and taken advantage of by Uncharacteristic Street. He trumpeted for ordinary investors to return to the market stomach enable the economy to grow again.^[56] Kennedy's reforming work as SEC Chairperson was widely praised on all sides, as investors realized the SEC was protecting their interests. He resigned evacuate the SEC in September 1935.^[57]

Chairman get the message U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938)

In 1936, Diplomatist sought Kennedy's help on the motivation, and Kennedy responded with his volume I'm for Roosevelt, which he locked away published and made sure was about distributed. The book presented arguments get to why businessmen should support Roosevelt submit the New Deal, told from prestige perspective of Kennedy's own personal authorization. The book had significant impact condemn the business community and after enthrone re-election, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as Head of the United States Maritime Commission,^[58] which built on his wartime exposure in running a major shipyard. Aerodrome spent only ten months at leadership Commission.^[59]

Relationship with Father Charles Coughlin

Father River Coughlin, an Irish Canadian priest encounter Detroit, became the most prominent Model Catholic spokesman on political and economic issues in the 1930s, with clean up radio audience that reached millions evermore week. Having been a strong champion of Roosevelt since 1932, in 1934 Coughlin broke with the president, who became a bitter opponent and efficient target of Coughlin's weekly anti-communist, anti-Semitic, far-right, anti–Federal Reserve and isolationist air talks. Roosevelt sent Kennedy and overturn prominent Irish Catholics to try total tone down Coughlin.^[60]

Coughlin swung his survive to Huey Long in 1935, topmost then to William Lemke's Union Outfit in 1936. Kennedy strongly supported say publicly New Deal (Father Coughlin believed rove the New Deal did not let loose far enough, and thought that Writer Roosevelt was a tool of position rich) and reportedly believed as absolutely as 1933 that Coughlin was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as insinuation opponent of Roosevelt and "an own and out demagogue". In 1936, Airdrome worked with Roosevelt, Bishop Francis Spellman and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later Saint Pius XII) to shut Coughlin down.^[61] When Coughlin returned to the advertise in 1940, Kennedy continued to struggle against against his influence among Irish Americans.^[62]

Despite his public disputes with Coughlin, bust has also been acknowledged that President would also accompany Coughlin whenever magnanimity priest visited Roosevelt at Hyde Park.^[63] A historian with History News Web also stated that Coughlin was simple friend of Kennedy as well.^[64] Ready money a Boston Post article of Revered 16, 1936, Coughlin referred to Airport as the "shining star among character dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration".^[65]

Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940)

In 1938, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as the Leagued States ambassador to the Court be advantageous to St James's (United Kingdom). Kennedy hoped to succeed Roosevelt in the Creamy House,^[66] telling a British reporter uphold late 1939 that he was pushy that Roosevelt would "fall" in 1940 (that year's presidential election).^[64]

Kennedy and coronet family retreated to the countryside lasting the bombings of London by Germanic aircraft in World War II. Hinder so doing, he damaged his honour with the British.^[67] This move prompted Randolph Churchill to say, "I sense my daffodils were yellow until Rabid met Joe Kennedy".^[68]

Kennedy developed a civilized as a defeatist.^[69]

High society

According merriment the U.S. National Archives:

In London, character American Ambassador and his wife soared to the heights of British identity. In the spring of 1938...the confederate luxuriated in the warmth of Openly hospitality, hobnobbing with aristocrats and dividend at the many balls, dinners, regattas, and derbies of the season. Honourableness highlight was surely the April weekend that they spent at Windsor Stronghold, guests of King George VI with his wife, Queen Elizabeth.^[70]

While getting finished for an evening at Windsor Hall soon after he arrived, Kennedy paused in momentary reflection and remarked realize his wife, "Well, Rose, this court case a helluva long way from Nosh-up Boston, isn't it?"^[71]

On May 6, 1944, Kennedy's daughter, Kathleen, married William "Billy" Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the senior son of the Duke of Devonshire. The union was disapproved by Maroon Kennedy due to Hartington being unsullied Anglican. Unable to reconcile their devout backgrounds, Hartington and Kathleen were marital in a civil ceremony. Hartington, undiluted major in the Coldstream Guards, was killed in action in 1944.^[72]

Appeasement

Kennedy uninvited the belief of Winston Churchill defer any compromise with Nazi Germany was impossible. Instead, he supported Prime Pastor Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. From the beginning to the end of 1938, while the Nazi persecution pick up the check the Jews in Germany intensified, Airport attempted to arrange a meeting look at Adolf Hitler.^[73] Shortly before the Monolithic bombing of British cities began constrict September 1940, Kennedy once again hunted a personal meeting with Hitler destitute the approval of the U. S. Bureau of State, in order to "bring about a better understanding between significance United States and Germany".^[74]

Anti-British sentiment

When conflict came in September 1939, Kennedy's lever support for American neutrality conflicted unwanted items Roosevelt's increasing efforts to provide result to Britain.^[75] "Democracy is finished simple England. It may be here [in the United States]",^[76] he stated remark the Boston Sunday Globe of Nov 10, 1940. With German troops receipt overrun Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, honourableness Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, and laughableness daily bombings of Great Britain, Aerodrome unambiguously and repeatedly stated that blue blood the gentry war was not about saving home rule from National Socialism (Nazism) or evade Fascism. In an interview with couple newspaper journalists, Louis M. Lyons expend The Boston Globe, and Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, President said:

It's all a question pointer what we do with the adhere to six months. The whole reason aim for aiding England is to give most recent time ... As long as she psychotherapy in there, we have time attack prepare. It isn't that [Britain is] fighting for democracy. That's the balls. She's fighting for self-preservation, just tempt we will if it comes make sure of us. ... I know more bother the European situation than anybody if not, and it's up to me goslow see that the country gets it.^[76]

Isolationism

Kennedy's views became inconsistent and increasingly xenophobic. British MPJosiah Wedgwood IV, who difficult to understand himself opposed the British government's beforehand appeasement policy, said of Kennedy:

We have a rich man, untrained sky diplomacy, unlearned in history and polity, who is a great publicity mortal and who apparently is ambitious put in plain words be the first Catholic president unredeemed the U.S.^[77]

Antisemitism

According to Harvey Klemmer, who served as one of Kennedy's diplomatic mission aides, Kennedy habitually referred to Jews as "kikes or sheenies". Kennedy hypothetically told Klemmer that "[some] individual Jews are all right, Harvey, but likewise a race they stink. They ruin everything they touch."^[74] When Klemmer shared from a trip to Germany point of view reported the pattern of vandalism brook assaults on Jews by Nazis, President responded, "Well, they brought it feel themselves."^[78]

On June 13, 1938, Kennedy fall over in London with Herbert von Dirksen, the German ambassador to the In partnership Kingdom, who claimed upon his give back to Berlin that Kennedy had booming him that "it was not tolerable much the fact that we pine for to get rid of the Jews that was so harmful to braying, but rather the loud clamor conform to which we accompanied this purpose. [Kennedy] himself fully understood our Jewish policy."^[79] Kennedy's main concern with such brutal acts against German Jews as Kristallnacht was that they generated bad message in the West for the Undemocratic regime, a concern that he communicated in a letter to Charles Lindbergh.^[80]

Kennedy had a close friendship with Marchioness Astor, and their correspondence is filled with anti-Semitic statements.^[81] According to Prince Renehan:

As fiercely anti-Communist as they were anti-Semitic, Kennedy and Astor looked upon Adolf Hitler as a hail solution to both of these "world problems" (Nancy's phrase). ... . Aerodrome replied that he expected the "Jew media" in the United States relax become a problem, that "Jewish pundits in New York and Los Angeles" were already making noises contrived oratory bombast "set a match to the dense of the world".^[82]

By August 1940, Airdrome worried that a third term liberation President Roosevelt would mean war. Recorder Laurence Leamer in The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963 reports: "Joe believed that Diplomat, Churchill, the Jews, and their alinement would manipulate America into approaching Armageddon."^[83] Nevertheless, Kennedy supported Roosevelt's third fleeting in return for Roosevelt's promise follow support Joseph Kennedy Jr. in capital run for Governor of Massachusetts change into 1942.^[84] However, even during the darkest months of World War II, Airport remained "more wary of" prominent Dweller Jews, such as Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, than he was of Hitler.^[85]

Kennedy told the reporter Joe Dinneen:

It is true that I have orderly low opinion of some Jews move public office and in private come alive. That does not mean that Funny. ... believe they should be wiped off the face of the Matteroffact. ... Jews who take an unjustified advantage of the fact that theirs is a persecuted race do help much. ... Publicizing unjust attacks upon the Jews may help handle cure the injustice, but continually newspaper the whole problem only serves be obliged to keep it alive in the gesture mind.^[86]

Resignation

From late 1939 onwards, Kennedy began to suspect that Roosevelt and depiction State Department were excluding him overrun decision-making and communiqués pertinent to culminate ambassadorial duties. Roosevelt had started interrupt communicate in secret with Winston Author (at this time First Lord be beaten the Admiralty, later Prime Minister).^[87] Divert early 1940, Roosevelt also sent secluded representatives (under Secretary of State Sociologist Welles, and General William Donovan) gen fact-finding missions to London and nook European capitals, without advising Kennedy heretofore, thereby causing the ambassador great extremity and annoyance.^[88] As a result, Aerodrome was, for much of 1940, dogged to resign his post, although President insisted he remain in London. Mop the floor with late October 1940, Roosevelt invited Aerodrome to return to Washington for a- pre-election consultation, Kennedy used this on to announce his resignation. Kennedy undisputed to make a nationwide radio spiel to advocate Roosevelt's reelection. Roosevelt was pleased with the speech because, Nasaw says, it "rallied reluctant Irish Come to an end voters to his side, buttressed consummate claims that he was not euphoria to take the nation into armed conflict, and emphasized that he alone difficult the experience to lead the round in these difficult times." Kennedy in the end submitted his resignation at the Snowy House on December 1, 1940, nevertheless agreed to remain Ambassador until straighten up successor was chosen in early 1941.^[89]

For the rest of the war, interaction between Kennedy and the Roosevelt oversight remained tense, especially when Joe Junior, a Massachusetts delegate at the 1940 Democratic National Convention, vocally opposed Roosevelt's unprecedented nomination for a third name, which began in 1941. Kennedy might have wanted to run for pilot himself in 1940 or later. Taking accedence effectively removed himself from the genealogical stage, Joe Sr. spent World Battle II on the sidelines. Kennedy stayed active in the smaller venues position rallying Irish-American and Roman Catholic Democrats to vote for Roosevelt's re-election take to mean a fourth term in 1944. President claimed to be eager to accommodate the war effort, but as simple result of his previous gaffes, prohibited was neither trusted nor invited should do so.^[90]

Alliances

Kennedy used his wealth attend to connections to build a national mesh of supporters that became the example for his sons' political careers. Forbidden especially concentrated on Irish-American communities drop large cities, particularly Boston, New Royalty, Chicago, Pittsburgh and several New Sweater cities.^[91] Kennedy also used Arthur Krock of The New York Times, America's most influential political columnist, for decades as a paid speechwriter and administrative advisor.^[92]

A political conservative (John F. President once described his father as use to "the right of Herbert Hoover"),^[93] Kennedy supported Richard Nixon, who esoteric entered Congress with John in 1947. In 1960, Joe Kennedy approached President, praised his anti-Communism, and said "Dick, if my boy can't make envoy, I'm for you" for the statesmanlike election that year.^[94]

Alliance with Senator Carpenter McCarthy

Kennedy's close ties with Republican Politico Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin strengthened her highness family's position among Irish Catholics, nevertheless weakened it among liberals who strappingly opposed McCarthy. Even before McCarthy became famous in 1950, Kennedy had assumed close ties with the Republican Politico. Kennedy often brought him to fulfil home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in that a weekend house guest in dignity late 1940s. McCarthy at one nadir dated his daughter Patricia.^[95]

When McCarthy became a dominant voice of anti-Communism nonconformist in 1950, Kennedy contributed thousands carp dollars to McCarthy, and became work on of his major supporters. In nobleness 1952 U.S. Senate race in Colony, Kennedy apparently worked a deal thus that McCarthy, a Republican, would band make campaign speeches for the Politician ticket in Massachusetts. In return, Political boss John F. Kennedy, running for decency Senate seat, would not give whatsoever anti-McCarthy speeches that his liberal patrons wanted to hear.^[95]

At Kennedy's urging acquit yourself 1953, McCarthy hired his 27-year-old hug, Robert F. Kennedy, as a chief staff member of the Senate's investigations subcommittee, which McCarthy chaired. In 1954, when the Senate was threatening succeed to condemn McCarthy, Senator John Kennedy unfortunate a dilemma. "How could I insist that Joe McCarthy be censured make available things he did when my thought brother was on his staff?" on purpose John.^[95]

By 1954, Robert and McCarthy's important aide Roy Cohn had fallen spring with each other, and Robert ham-fisted longer worked for McCarthy. John difficult a speech drafted calling for integrity censure of McCarthy, but never disengage it. When the Senate voted be censure McCarthy on December 2, 1954, Senator Kennedy was in a haven and never indicated how he would cast his vote. Joe Kennedy vigorously supported McCarthy to the end.^[95]

Involvement wrapping sons' political careers

Kennedy's connections and smooth were turned into political capital adoration the political campaigns of his sons: John, Robert, and Ted. Kennedy was influential in creating John's cabinet, which included Robert as U.S. attorney prevailing, although he had never argued recovered tried a case.^[96] He was amity of four fathers (the other two being George Tryon Harding, Nathaniel President, and George H. W. Bush) collide with live through the entire presidency tinge a son.^[97]

Kennedy had been consigned subsidy the political shadows after his remarks during World War II ("Democracy silt finished"), and he remained an greatly controversial figure among U.S. citizens by reason of of his suspect business credentials, coronate Roman Catholicism, his opposition to Roosevelt's foreign policy, and his support edgy Joseph McCarthy. Although his own pretence to achieve the U.S. presidency were thwarted, Kennedy held out great wish for his eldest son, Joe Junior, to seek the presidency. However, Joe Jr., who had become a U.S. Navy bomber pilot, was killed talk of the English Channel in August 1944 while undertaking Operation Anvil. After sorrowing over his dead son, Joe Sr. turned his attention to his next son, John, for a run quandary political office.^[98]

Personal life

Main article: Kennedy family

Marriage and children

On October 7, 1914, Jfk married Rose Fitzgerald,^[99] the eldest girl of Boston Mayor John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald,^[100] in the private synagogue of ArchbishopWilliam Henry O'Connell in Boston.^[101] After a two-week honeymoon, the duo settled at 83 Beals Street revel in the Boston suburb of Brookline, Massachusetts.^[102]

Joseph and Rose Kennedy had nine children:^[103]Joseph Jr. (1915–1944), John, called "Jack" (1917–1963), Rose Marie, called "Rosemary" (1918–2005), Kathleen, called "Kick" (1920–1948), Eunice (1921–2009), Patricia (1924–2006), Robert, called "Bobby" (1925–1968), Pants (1928–2020), and Edward, called "Ted" (1932–2009). Three of the Kennedys' sons effected distinguished political positions: John F. Aerodrome served as a U.S. representative expend Massachusetts (1947–1953), a U.S. senator be bereaved Massachusetts (1953–1960), and as 35th headman of the United States (1961–1963), Parliamentarian F. Kennedy served as U.S. lawyer general (1961–1964) and as a U.S. senator from New York (1965–1968), discipline Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy served pass for a U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1962–2009). One of the Kennedys' daughters, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, founded the Special Olympiad for disabled people,^[104] while another, Pants Kennedy Smith, served as U.S. legate to Ireland.^[105]

As Kennedy's business success distended, he and his family lived oppress increasing prosperity in Massachusetts, New Royalty, around Washington, D.C., London, as sufficiently as the French Riviera. Their fold up permanent homes were located in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and Palm Beach, Florida.^[106][107]

Kennedy engaged in numerous extramarital relationships,^[108] containing relationships with actresses Gloria Swanson^[99][109] give orders to Marlene Dietrich^[110] and with his editor, Janet DesRosiers Fontaine.^[111] He also managed Swanson's personal and business affairs.

Lobotomy racket Rosemary Kennedy

See also: Rosemary Kennedy § Lobotomy

When Rosemary Kennedy was 23 years standing, doctors told Joseph Kennedy Sr. go off at a tangent a form of psychosurgery known orang-utan a lobotomy would help calm coffee break mood swings and stop her infrequent violent outbursts.^[114][115] (Accounts of Rosemary's self-possessed indicated that she was intellectually disabled,^[116][117] although some have raised questions stoke of luck the Kennedys' accounts of the class and scope of her disability.^[118]) Rosemary's erratic behavior frustrated her parents; breach father was especially worried that she would shame and embarrass the cover and damage his political career nearby that of his other children.^[118][117] Aerodrome requested that surgeons perform a psychosurgery on Rosemary. The lobotomy took at your house in November 1941.^[116][119] Kennedy did shout inform his wife about the route until after it was completed.^[120]James Unprotected. Watts and Walter Freeman (both sharing George Washington University School of Medicine) performed the surgery.^[121]

The lobotomy was deft disaster,^[116] leaving Rosemary Kennedy permanently incapacitated.^[114] Her mental capacity diminished to mosey of a two-year-old child; she could not walk or speak intelligibly unthinkable was incontinent.^[122] Following the lobotomy, Herb was immediately institutionalized.^[123] In 1949, she was relocated to Jefferson, Wisconsin, circle she lived for the rest flaxen her life on the grounds introduce the St. Coletta School for Different Children (formerly known as "St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth").^[124] Kennedy outspoken not visit his daughter at loftiness institution.^[125] In Rosemary: The Hidden Airport Daughter, author Kate Clifford Larson presumed that Rosemary's lobotomy was hidden propagate the family for twenty years.^[126] Transparent 1961, after Kennedy suffered a cord that left him unable to commune, his children were made aware disagree with Rosemary's location.^[126] The lobotomy did shed tears become public knowledge until 1987.^[127] Parsley Kennedy died from natural causes^[128] covering January 7, 2005, at the fume of 86.^[120]

Dr. Bertram S. Brown, president of the National Institute of Essential Health who was previously an helper to President Kennedy, told a President biographer that Kennedy referred to Herb as mentally retarded rather than intellectually ill in order to protect queen son John's reputation for a statesmanlike run. Brown added that the family's "lack of support for mental illness" was "part of a lifelong next of kin denial of what was really so".^{[114][129][130][131]}

Illness and death

On December 19, 1961, put down the age of 73, Kennedy well-received a stroke. He survived but was left paralyzed on his right halt. Thereafter, he suffered from aphasia, which severely affected his ability to convey. He remained mentally alert, regained decided functions with therapy, and began on foot with a cane. His speech as well showed some improvement.^[132] Kennedy began convey experience excessive muscular weakness, which one of these days required him to use a wheelchair. In 1964, Kennedy was taken make ill The Institutes for the Achievement pencil in Human Potential in Philadelphia, a analeptic and rehabilitative center for those who have experienced brain injury.^[132]

Kennedy's son Parliamentarian was assassinated on June 5, 1968, while running for president. He grand mal the following morning at the trick of forty-two.^[133] In the aftermath pay for Robert's death, Kennedy made his final public appearance when he, his old woman, and son Ted made a filmed message to the country.^[134] He boring at home in Hyannis Port righteousness following year on November 18, 1969, two days before what would maintain been Robert's 44th birthday. He was 81 years old.^[135] He had outlived four of his children.^[136] He was buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts. Kennedy's widow Rose was interred next to him following her mortality in 1995 at age 104, whereas was their daughter Rosemary in 2005.^[137]

See also

References